Laboratory guidance on analytical methods to detect adulterants in commercial botanical materials: The next phase of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR botanical adulterants program

Gafner, Stefan; Blumenthal, Mark; Foster, Steven; Cardellina, JH; Khan, IA; Upton, Roy

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1545117

Cited by 2 publications

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“…When analyzing extracts or finished products, it is often not clear whether adulteration occurred at the drug level or at later stages of the production process. The vast peer-reviewed literature on G. biloba extract adulteration and measures to expose it has been reviewed elsewhere ( Gafner, 2018 ; Gafner, 2022 ). In that context, the extract EGb 761 ® has been called the “gold standard” in the literature by independent research groups, as it consistently met the specifications given by past and present pharmacopoeias ( Wohlmuth et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: The Results Generated By the Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The importance of the above-mentioned agricultural factors and harvesting details for the quality of the raw material becomes evident by analytical comparisons. Variations of many constituent levels in the leaves have recently been reviewed ( Gafner, 2022 ). Here, we reprocess the main information and provide additional details and viewpoints on this subject.…”

Section: It Starts With the Beginning: Even Cutting Trees Affects The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, we have discussed the product-by-process concept, i.e., the fact that procedures from the tree care up to the extraction process affect the composition of the final medicinal product. It has been pointed out that the “gold standard” ( Wohlmuth et al, 2014 ), “the most widely studied extract, EGb 761 ® ” ( Gafner, 2022 ) differs from other dry extracts on the market ( Gafner, 2018 ; Gafner, 2022 ).…”

Section: Highest Quality: Is It Worth All the Trouble?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

2022

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It is an often-neglected fact that extracts derived from the very same plant can differ significantly in their phytochemical composition, and thus also in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties which are the basis for their clinical efficacy and safety. The Ginkgo biloba L. [Ginkgoaceae] special extract EGb 761® is one of the best-studied plant extracts in the world. In the present review, using that extract as a paradigm, we describe insights how climate, the harvest region, processing of the plant material, the drying process, the extraction solvents, and the details of the subsequent process steps substantially impact the quality and uniformity of the final extract. We highlight the importance of regulating active constituent levels and consistent reduction of undesired substances in herbal extracts. This is accomplished by a controlled production process and corresponding analytical specifications. In conclusion, since extracts derived from the same plant can have very different phytochemical compositions, results from pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies gained with one specific extract cannot be extrapolated to other extracts that were generated using different production processes. We propose that the heterogenous nature of extracts should be meticulously considered when evaluating the efficacy and safety of plant-derived remedies.

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Section: The Results Generated By the Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: It Starts With the Beginning: Even Cutting Trees Affects The...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Highest Quality: Is It Worth All the Trouble?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

2022

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“…The United States Pharmacopeia lists specific ratios between the concentrations of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and didemethoxycurcumin as a means for controlling curcuminoids [13]. Theoretically, the detection of the last two mentioned forms by liquid chromatography (LC) in turmeric extract can differentiate the natural product from the synthetic one, which lacks both compounds [14]. This type of test is easily rendered useless by a new sophisticated technique: the fraudulent dilution [13] of a natural curcuminoid extract with synthetic curcuminoids, containing the three forms in the right ratios, to obtain spiked curcuminoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the onset of this issue, some analytical approaches to identify adulterated products have been proposed. The most popular and robust method is 14 C radiocarbon dating, which is expensive, not easily accessible and provided by a limited number of laboratories [15]. The dating method can detect the presence of synthetic curcumin or curcuminoids by identifying the carbon isotopes derived from raw materials of petrochemical derivatives used in the synthetic ingredient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for the Authentication of Natural Antioxidant Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa (Turmeric)

et al. 2023

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Curcuminoid complex, a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and didemethoxycurcumin, is one of the most popular antioxidants of natural origin, and it has a multitude of other health benefits. It is threatened by the proliferation of counterfeit products on the market containing synthetic curcuminoids whose addition is difficult to identify as they present the three curcuminoid forms in the correct ratios. Consequently, the necessity to detect this fraudulent practice is escalating. Carbon-14 analysis is the most effective available method, but it is also expensive and difficult to implement. This paper describes the first attempt to characterize natural curcuminoids and their synthetic form, used as an adulterant, through the analysis of stable isotope ratios of carbon and hydrogen (expressed as δ13C and δ2H). Carbon values greater than −28.6‰ and hydrogen values greater than −71‰ may indicate the addition of synthetic curcuminoids to the natural ones.

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Laboratory guidance on analytical methods to detect adulterants in commercial botanical materials: The next phase of the ABC-AHP-NCNPR botanical adulterants program

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

Ginkgo biloba leaf extract EGb 761® as a paragon of the product by process concept

Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for the Authentication of Natural Antioxidant Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa (Turmeric)

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