Laboratory experiments on crater scaling‐law for sedimentary rocks in the strength regime

Suzuki, Ayako; Hakura, S.; Hamura, T.; Hattori, Mariko; Hayama, Ryo; Ikeda, Tatsunori; Kusuno, Haruka; Kuwahara, H.; Muto, Yuko; Nagaki, Keita; Niimi, Rei; Ogata, Yasuhiro; Okamoto, Takaya; Sasamori, Tsutoni; Sekigawa, Chisato; Yoshihara, Tsubasa; Hasegawa, Susumu; Kurosawa, Kosuke; Kadono, Toshihiko; Nakamura, Akiko; Sugita, Seiji; Arakawa, Masahiko

doi:10.1029/2012je004064

Cited by 18 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Laboratory high-velocity impact experiments, using millimeter-to-centimeter size projectiles to study cratering in the strength regime, were performed for various targets with porosities ranging from 0% to more than 90%. The morphology and dimensions, i.e., diameter and depth, were studied for weak cemented basalt targets (Housen, 1992), sandperlite-fly ash mixture targets (Housen and Holsapple, 2003), sintered glass bead targets (Love et al, 1993;Michikami et al, 2007;Hiraoka et al, 2008;Okamoto et al, 2015; Okamoto and Nakamura 2017), cement mortar targets (Michikami et al, 2017), gypsum targets Okamoto and Nakamura, 2017), and natural porous rocks (Baldwin, et al, 2007;Kenkmann, et al, 2011;Suzuki et al, 2012;Poelchau, M. H., 2014;Flynn, et al, 2015;Okamoto and Nakamura, 2017). Table 1 summarizes the target density, porosity, strength, impact velocity, and projectile material and diameter of these experiments.…”

Section: Targets In the Strength Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former had strength four times the strength of the latter. Baldwin et al (2007), Suzuki et al (2012), and Poelchau et al (2014) compiled results of porous rock targets using conventional cratering scaling laws (Holsapple and Schmidt, 1982) and showed that the cratering efficiency, defined by the ratio of excavated mass to projectile mass, for the porous targets was less than that of competent rocks for the same impact conditions defined by a nondimensional parameter involving the mechanical strength of the target, such as .…”

Section: Cratering Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact cratering on porous targets in the strength regime

Nakamura

2017

Planetary and Space Science

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Cratering on small bodies is crucial for the collision cascade and also contributes to the ejection of dust particles into interplanetary space. A crater cavity forms against the mechanical strength of the surface, gravitational acceleration, or both. The formation of moderately sized craters that are sufficiently larger than the thickness of the regolith on small bodies, in which mechanical strength plays the dominant role rather than gravitational acceleration, is in the strength regime. The formation of microcraters on blocks on the surface is also within the strength regime. On the other hand, the formation of a crater of a size comparable to the thickness of the regolith is affected by both gravitational acceleration and cohesion between regolith particles.In this short review, we compile data from the literature pertaining to impact cratering experiments on porous targets, and summarize the ratio of spall diameter to pit diameter, the depth, diameter, and volume of the crater cavity, and the ratio of depth to diameter. Among targets with various porosities studied in the laboratory to date, based on conventional scaling laws (Holsapple and Schmidt, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1849-1870

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Section: Targets In the Strength Regimementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cratering Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact cratering on porous targets in the strength regime

Nakamura

2017

Planetary and Space Science

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“…The final problem is the constant-Y assumption, which is only valid for metal-like targets. Despite this limitation, the constant-Y assumption has been widely used to derive the π-group scaling laws (e.g., Gault, 1973, Suzuki et al, 2012. Thus, we decided to present the cratering processes in the strength-dominated regime based on the constant-Y assumption.…”

Section: Energies In Stream Tubesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be mentioned that, in principle, dimensional analysis does not provide absolute values, including the position-dependent ejection velocity and the transient crater radius. Thus, the scaling parameters, including K 1 , µ, and ν, have been widely explored empirically based on both laboratory and numerical experiments (e.g., Gault, 1973, Gault and Wedekind, 1977, Schmidt, 1980, Schmidt and Housen, 1987, O'Keefe and Ahrens, 1993, Cintala et al, 1999, Wünnemann et al, 2006, 2016, Yamamoto et al, 2006, Baldwin et al, 2007, Elbeshausen et al, 2009, Kraus et al, 2011, Kenkmann et al, 2011, Suzuki et al, 2012, Güldemeister, 2015, Prieur et al, 2017. However, existing data pertaining to crater radii have not converged to the single universal line predicted by Eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact cratering mechanics: A forward approach to predicting ejecta velocity distribution and transient crater radii

Kurosawa

Takada

2019

Icarus

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Impact craters are among the most prominent topographic features on planetary bodies. Crater scaling laws allow us to extract information about the impact histories on the host bodies. The π-group scaling laws (e.g., Holsaplle and Schmidt, 1982) have been constructed based on the pointsource approximation, dimensional analysis, and the results from laboratory and numerical impact experiments. Recent laboratory and numerical impact experiments, however, demonstrated that the scaling parameters themselves exhibits complex behavior against the change in the impact conditions and target properties. Since impact experiments are expensive and timeconsuming in terms of obtaining new scaling constants, it is not feasible to explore the entire parameter space via experiments. Here, we propose an alternative, fully analytical method to predict impact outcomes, including the ejection velocity distribution and transient crater radii, based on impact cratering mechanics. This approach is based on the Maxwell Zmodel [Maxwell, 1977, Impact and Explosion Cratering, New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 1003-1008 and the residual velocity [Melosh, 1985, Icarus 62, 339-343]. Given that the shapes of the streamlines of the excavation flow and the kinetic energy in a given streamtube are known, we can calculate the ejecta velocity distribution and investigate the cessation of crater growth.We present analytical expressions of (1) the proportionality relation between the ejection velocity and the ejection position, (2) the radius of a growing crater as a function of time, and (3) the transient crater radii in the gravityand strength-dominated regimes. Since we focused on obtaining analytical solutions in this study, a number of simplifications are employed, such as a priori assumption of the direction of the velocity vectors of the excavating materials, the neglect of the effects of dry friction, metal-like targets with a constant yield strength. Due to the simplifications in the strength model, the accuracy of the prediction in the strength-dominated cratering regime is relatively low. Our model reproduces the power-law behavior of the ejecta velocity distribution and the approximate time variation of a growing crater predicted by π-group scaling laws. In our model, the transient crater radius depends strongly on the shape exponent Z, the shock decay exponent n, and the exponent m pertaining to the residual velocity. Thus, the nature of shock propagation and the thermodynamic response of the shocked media, which cannot be addressed by dimensional analyses as a matter of principle, are naturally included in our estimation. The predicted radii under typi-

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“…In addition, Fujiwara et al (1993Fujiwara et al ( , 2014 produced distinctive impact craters on mainly cylindrical targets with a wide range of radii in a laboratory and presented the empirical relations between crater diameter, depth, mass, and target curvature. Walker et al (2013) had an aluminum sphere impact into granite spheres of 1-m diameter at 2 km/s in order to examine the scale size effect of momentum enhancement in the momentum transfer in impacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in cratering efficiency with target curvature in strength-controlled craters

Suzuki

Okamoto

Kurosawa

et al. 2018

Icarus

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Impact-cratering processes on small bodies are thought to be mainly controlled by the local material strength because of their low surface gravity, and craters that are as large as the parent bodies should be affected by the target curvature. Although cratering processes on planar surfaces in the strength-controlled regime have been studied extensively, the mechanism by which target curvature affects the cratering processes remains unclear. Herein, we report on a series of impact experiments that used spherical targets with various diameters. The resultant craters consisted of a deep circular pit and an irregular-shaped spall region around the pit, which is consistent with the features reported in a number of previous cratering experiments on planar surfaces. However, the volume and radius of the craters increased with the normalized curvature. The results indicate that the increase in the spall-region volume and radius mainly contributes to the increase in the whole crater volume and radius, although the volume, depth, and radius of pits remain constant with curvature. The results of our model indicate that the geometric effect due to curvature (i.e., whereby the distance from the equivalent center to the target free surface is shorter for higher curvature values) contributes to increases in the cratering efficiency. Our results suggest that the impactors that produce the largest craters (basins) on some asteroids are thus smaller than what is estimated by current scaling laws, which do not take into account the curvature effects.3

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Laboratory experiments on crater scaling‐law for sedimentary rocks in the strength regime

Cited by 18 publications

References 24 publications

Impact cratering on porous targets in the strength regime

Impact cratering on porous targets in the strength regime

Impact cratering mechanics: A forward approach to predicting ejecta velocity distribution and transient crater radii

Increase in cratering efficiency with target curvature in strength-controlled craters

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