Laboratory Evaluation of a Novel Metal Surface Treatment for Coiled Tubing Friction Reduction in Extended-Reach Wells

Abstract

In the past few years, operators have been increasing the lateral lengths of horizontal wells to maximize the reservoir contact and production rates. However, the frictional forces between the coiled tubing (CT) and casing in those long lateral wells also increase, limiting the ability of conventional CT sizes to reach the end prior to lock-up occurring. Technologies such as lubricants, vibratory tools and tractors are usually used to extend the CT reach. However, the downhole performance of some of these friction-reducing technologies is sometimes unpredictable and inconsistent. In addition, with the current industry's trends to lower the overall intervention costs, lubricants may be considered too expensive in long laterals. This paper reports on the laboratory evaluation of the friction-reduction performance of a novel CT surface treatment. This surface treatment has been proven to be effective at reducing the frictional forces by altering the CT surface finish. After the treatment, the CT surface is smoother and has micron-size dimples that work as small reservoirs, preventing a lubricant from being easily washed off the CT surface. The new metal surface treatment was applied to several CT samples. The friction between the treated CT samples and various actual casing samples was studied in a laboratory on a linear friction apparatus. This instrument is specifically designed to measure the coefficients of friction between CT and casing at downhole conditions, such as with or without fluids relevant to coiled tubing operations and at temperatures as high as 100°C. Additionally, laboratory tests were performed to determine the ability of the treated and un-treated CT samples to retain lubricants when sliding on the casing surfaces. Currently, there are two main operational challenges of using lubricants for reducing the CT friction. First, to reduce the lubricant volume in long laterals, and therefore the intervention costs, many operators choose to pump lubricant slugs instead of pumping the lubricant continuously. However, most of the lubricant is consumed inside the CT, and only a small lubricant amount adheres to the outside CT and casing surfaces where the friction needs to be reduced. Secondly, even if the lubricant coats the outside CT surface, there is a risk of being quickly washed off, unless new lubricant is pumped continuously. The laboratory testing results obtained from this study have shown a reduction of the coefficients of friction after the CT metal surface treatment. These results prove the friction-reduction potential of manufacturing a CT with the new treated surface for extending the CT reach with or without friction-reducing technologies such as lubricants, vibratory tools and tractors. The advantage of utilizing the new CT metal surface treatment is that a lubricant remains longer in the micron-size pores on the CT surface and reduces the CT friction more consistently. The novel idea in this paper encompasses the fact that the CT metal surface treatment has the potential to reduce the CT friction by itself and further in combination with friction-reducing technologies such as lubricants, vibratory tools or tractors. The new CT surface is smoother and has micro-pores that can prevent a lubricant from being easily washed off the CT surface. The laboratory tests with the new CT samples have shown reduced coefficients of friction when comparing to conventional CT coupons with un-treated surfaces.