Laboratory deformation of granular quartz sand: Implications for the burial of clastic rocks

Karner, Stephen L.; Chester, J. S.; Chester, F. M.; Kronenberg, A. K.; Hajash, Andrew

doi:10.1306/12200404010

Cited by 59 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This suggests that for granular aggregates, in addition to factors such as average grain size and porosity [Karner et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 1990], the radius of curvature of the grains will affect compaction behavior. Hence, more compaction is expected in rapidly subsiding basins, which contain less well-rounded grains, due to the high energy depositional environment, and depleting hydrocarbon reservoirs with more angular, coarser-grained material.…”

Section: Applicability Of the Hertzian/lefm Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental studies on time-independent compaction of porous sandstones and sands at room temperature have shown irrecoverable porosity reduction during loading, which increases significantly beyond a specific critical effective pressure (P cr ) [Borg et al, 1960;Chuhan et al, 2003;Dunn et al, 1973;Karner et al, 2003Karner et al, , 2005Lambe and Whitman, 1969;Lee and Farhoomand, 1967;McDowell and Humphreys, 2002;Nakata et al, 2001;Vesíc and Clough, 1968;Wissler and Simmons, 1985;Wong and Baud, 1999;Zhang et al, 1990;Zoback and Byerlee, 1976]. Experiments on sand aggregates and sandstones have shown that the amount of compaction obtained at a given effective pressure generally increases with increasing porosity (8) and increasing grain size (d) [Borg et al, 1960;Chuhan et al, 2002Chuhan et al, , 2003Dunn et al, 1973;Hangx et al, 2010;Karner et al, 2005;Lambe and Whitman, 1969;Lee and Farhoomand, 1967;McDowell and Humphreys, 2002;Nakata et al, 1999;Vesíc and Clough, 1968;Zhang et al, 1990]. This is in accordance with the observation that with increasing porosity and grain size, the critical pressure for grain crushing P cr decreases, i.e., the rock becomes weaker [Karner et al, 2005;Wong and Baud, 1999;Zhang et al, 1990].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experiments on sand aggregates and sandstones have shown that the amount of compaction obtained at a given effective pressure generally increases with increasing porosity (8) and increasing grain size (d) [Borg et al, 1960;Chuhan et al, 2002Chuhan et al, , 2003Dunn et al, 1973;Hangx et al, 2010;Karner et al, 2005;Lambe and Whitman, 1969;Lee and Farhoomand, 1967;McDowell and Humphreys, 2002;Nakata et al, 1999;Vesíc and Clough, 1968;Zhang et al, 1990]. This is in accordance with the observation that with increasing porosity and grain size, the critical pressure for grain crushing P cr decreases, i.e., the rock becomes weaker [Karner et al, 2005;Wong and Baud, 1999;Zhang et al, 1990]. However, it should be noted that some of the above mentioned compaction experiments are performed at stress conditions below the critical crushing pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

et al. 2011

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[1] Grain-scale brittle fracture and grain rearrangement play an important role in controlling the compaction behavior of reservoir rocks during the early stages of burial. Therefore, the understanding of single-grain failure is important. We performed constant displacement rate crushing tests carried out on selected, well-rounded, single sand grains and on randomly sampled grains from different grain size (d) batches of pure quartz sand. Applying a Hertzian fracture mechanics model for grain crushing, the critical load at failure (F c ) data obtained for the selected grains were converted into an accurate estimate of the size of flaws associated with failure (c f ). Similarly, the distributed F c data obtained from the different batch samples were converted into distributions of grain failure stress. Weibull weakest link theory could not explain the observed grain failure behavior. On the contrary, the Hertzian grain failure criterion enabled the conversion of the distributed F c data, for the batch samples, into distributions of c f , assuming spherical grains, or of "effective" radius of curvature (r g ), characterizing contact surface asperities in the case of nonspherical grains. In contrast to the model of Zhang et al. (1990), our work shows that there is no clear physical basis for a grain size dependence of c f . However, since roundness data for dune sands exhibit a similar relation between r g and d, as seen in our grain size batches, it is inferred that the Hertzian fracture mechanics model assuming nonspherical grains with a distributed r g is the most physically reasonable model for grain failure.

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Section: Applicability Of the Hertzian/lefm Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

et al. 2011

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“…The increased process consists of two stages that are a rapid increase (0-4 MPa) and a slow increase (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). During the rapid increase stage, the fractal dimension of the particle size distribution increases rapidly by over 60% of the total increase (0-16 MPa).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The permeability of crushed rock is determined by the pore structure, which has a close relationship with the particle size distribution [3]. In recent decades, many related studies have been conducted to investigate the factors that affect the particle size distribution of granular materials [4][5][6][7][8][9]. The results show that particle size distribution is mainly affected by the applied stress, particle size, particle mixture, and other environmental factors (e.g., temperature and humidity of the environment).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permeability Evolution and Particle Size Distribution of Saturated Crushed Sandstone under Compression

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2018

Geofluids

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In this research, the particle size distribution and permeability of saturated crushed sandstone under variable axial stresses (0,2,4,8,12, and 16 MPa) were studied. X-ray Computed Tomography results revealed that particle crushing is likely to occur considerably as the axial stress is approaching 4 MPa, which results in the change of pore structure greatly. During compression, the particle size distribution satisfies the fractal condition well, and the fractal dimension of particle size distribution is an effective method for describing the particle crushing state of saturated crushed sandstone. When the axial stress increases from 0 MPa to 4 MPa, the fractal dimension of the particle size distribution increases rapidly by over 60% of the total increase (0-16 MPa), and the permeability decreases sharply by about 85% of the total decrease. These results indicate that 4 MPa is a key value in controlling the particle size distribution and the permeability of the saturated crushed sandstone under axial compression. The permeability is influenced by the initial gradation of the specimens, and a larger Talbot exponent corresponds to a larger permeability.

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Time-independent compaction behavior of quartz sands

Brzesowsky

Spiers

Peach

et al. 2014

J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth

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Mechanisms such as grain rearrangement, coupled with elastic deformation and grain breakage, are believed to play an important role in the time-independent compaction of sands, controlling porosity and permeability reduction during burial of clastic sediments and during depletion of highly porous reservoir sandstones. We performed uniaxial compaction experiments on sands at room temperature to systematically investigate the effect of loading history, loading rate, grain size, initial porosity, and chemical environment on compaction. Acoustic emission counting and microstructural methods were used to verify the microphysical compaction mechanisms operating. All tests showed quasi-elastic loading behavior accompanied by permanent deformation, involving elastic grain contact distortion, particle rearrangement, and grain failure. Loading history, grain size, and initial porosity significantly affected stress-strain behavior, with increasing grain size and initial porosity promoting compaction. In contrast, chemical environment and loading rate had little effect. The results formed the basis for a microphysical model aimed at explaining the observed compaction behavior. Two extreme cases were modeled: (I) a pack of spherical grains with a distributed flaw size at failure and (II) a pack of nonspherical grains with a constant mean crack size at failure but a distributed effective surface radius of curvature characterizing distributed contact asperity amplitudes. The best agreement with the grain-size-and porosity-dependent trends observed in our experiments was obtained using case (II) of the model. Combining our experimental and modeling results, it was inferred that a grain-size-dependent departure from sphericity of the grains exerts a key control on the compaction behavior of sands.

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Laboratory deformation of granular quartz sand: Implications for the burial of clastic rocks

Cited by 59 publications

References 59 publications

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

Failure behavior of single sand grains: Theory versus experiment

Permeability Evolution and Particle Size Distribution of Saturated Crushed Sandstone under Compression

Time-independent compaction behavior of quartz sands

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