Laboratory Coupling Approach

Abstract

This chapter deals with the coupling of smart grid laboratories for joint experiments. Therefore, various possibilities are outlined and a reference implementation is introduced. Finally, the vision of a distributed, virtual research infrastructure is presented.

Real-Time Coupling of Geographically Distributed Research Infrastructures: Taxonomy, Overview, and Real-World Smart Grid Applications

“…Such a coupling in literature is sometimes referred to as soft real-time. Examples of asynchronous coupling for GDS can be found in [9], [10], [18], [27]- [29]. b) Synchronous AC Coupling: When the two power subsystems, split across an AC line for simulation at two RIs, are synchronized with respect to time, i.e., the voltage and current phase angles at the PCC of the two power subsystems are phase aligned, the coupling is referred to as synchronous AC coupling.…”

“…The ITM IA established its dominance in GDS due to its straightforward implementation and good stability performance. Examples of its use for GDS AC coupling (synchronous and asynchronous) can be found in [7]- [10], [13], [14], [16]- [21], [27]- [29]. In [15], the use of ITM IA for DC coupling over an HVDC link was presented with recommendations to ensure stability of the system.…”

“…Although a promising approach, the limitation of its use for balanced operating conditions was highlighted. b) Asynchronous AC Coupling: The use of asynchronous coupling for GDS has only been reported with ITM IA [9], [10], [18], [27]- [29]. In all the reported implementations, the measured voltage from current source end is exchanged as RMS value.…”

“…In [27], the measured currents from the voltage source end were exchanged as phasors and later also adopted in [9]. In [18], the exchange of active and reactive power measurements from the voltage source end was proposed and later adopted in [10], [28], [29]. The feedback currents are derived from the active and reactive power with the voltage at the current source end as the reference.…”

“…Compared to TCP, a connection-oriented protocol, UDP is a connection-less protocol that: (i) does not wait for data receipt acknowledgement, thereby reducing overall latency and (ii) does not resend the data in case of data loss, ensuring only the most recent data is updated [27]. More recent GDS implementations dominantly utilized UDP as the protocol as in [7], [8], [10], [13]- [23], [25], [28], [29], [42].…”