Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in infants: An eye hospital based investigation

Rajasundari, Thanapal Amala; Sundaresan, Periasamy; Vijayalakshmi, P; Brown, David

doi:10.1002/jmv.21097

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, the relation of this lineage to the circulating strains in Brazil cannot be determined. Genotype 2B viruses were previously known to circulate in China, India, South Korea, and South Africa [WHO, 2005;WHO, 2006;Caidi et al, 2008;Rajasundari et al, 2008] before being introduced into some countries in Europe [Jin and Thomas, 2007;Novo et al, 2009;D'Agaro et al, 2010;Vauloup-Fellous et al, 2010] and South America [Valinotto et al, 2009]. The variation observed in this study reflected the molecular characteristics of RVs in population with low vaccine coverage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses in vietnam during 2009–2010

Tran

Pham

Tran³

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rubella virus (RV) usually causes a mild disease. However, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy often leads to severe birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Although wild-type RVs exist and circulate worldwide, their genotypes remain unknown in many countries. The aim of this study was to identify the molecular characteristics of RVs found in Vietnam during the years 2009-2010 and to provide the first data concerning RV genotypes in this country. Throat swab samples were collected between 2009 and 2010 from four CRS cases and nine rubella infection cases visiting one Children's Hospital and one outpatient clinic in Ho Chi Minh City. The 739-nucleotide coding region of the RV E1 gene recommended by the World Health Organization was amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR, and the resulting DNA fragments were then sequenced. Sequences were assigned to genotypes by phylogenetic analysis with RV reference strains. RV RNA was detected in 11 clinical specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that all 11 strains belonged to 2B genotype. Several variations in amino acids were found, among which five changes were involved in the B and T cell epitopes. These data indicate that viruses of genotype 2B were circulating in Vietnam. The increasing information about RV genotype in Vietnam should aid in the control of rubella infection and CRS in this country.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses in vietnam during 2009–2010

Tran

Pham

Tran³

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…In addition, virus isolation and RT-PCR may help in determining the infectiousness of the infant. Jin et al detected rubella IgM and genome from two infants aged 12 and 24 months of age using blood samples and Rajasundari isolated virus from serum and lens samples of infants with CRS at 11 months of age [10,11]. According to these studies, infants with CRS shed virus for up to 12 months.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Vietnam 2011–2012—CRS epidemic after rubella epidemic in 2010–2011

Toda¹,

Reef²,

Miyuki³

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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“…Oral fluid (OF), which is collected by rubbing an absorptive device between the gum and the cheek, can be obtained by a method that is relatively noninvasive, is easier to obtain than blood, and has the advantage that it can be used for both RVspecific antibody detection and RV genome detection (12,19,20). Currently, in the United Kingdom, OF samples from notified clinically diagnosed cases are collected between 1 and 6 weeks after the onset of symptoms and are transported by mail to the Central Public Health Laboratory, where they are tested for specific antibody and viral RNA by RT-PCR.…”

Section: Rubella Virus Infection Is Typically Diagnosed By the Identimentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Rubella within 4 Days of Rash Onset: Comparison of Rubella Virus RNA Detection in Oral Fluid with Immunoglobulin M Detection in Serum or Oral Fluid

et al. 2009

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Rubella virus infection is typically diagnosed by the identification of rubella virus-specific immunoglobulinSymptomatic rubella is characterized by a mild fever and a maculopapular rash of short duration. The clinical diagnosis of rubella is unreliable, and many rash illnesses, such as those caused by measles virus and parvovirus B19, mimic rubella (2). Therefore, laboratory confirmation is essential for the diagnosis of rubella and is typically done by testing serum samples for rubella virus (RV)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Serum IgM and IgG responses to RV develop rapidly in the first few days after the onset of rash. However, approximately 50% of samples collected on the day of rash onset test negative for RV-specific IgM antibodies (1, 9, 17). Often, only a single serum sample taken near the time of rash onset is available, resulting in the lack of serologic confirmation of many rubella cases. Thus, the development of a rapid laboratory diagnostic tool for the confirmation of rubella within the first few days of symptom onset would improve the ability to confirm rubella.The isolation of virus in cell culture or the detection of viral RNA by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) also provides reliable evidence of RV infection (26). Unfortunately, blood is not a good sample for use for the detection of RV, because the highest viral titers in blood typically occur before the onset of rash and virus is undetectable in blood by 2 days after rash onset (6). The virus titer in throat swabs, however, usually reaches a peak titer on the day of rash onset and the titers in throat swabs decline more slowly than those in blood, so that virus can be detected for up to 5 to 7 days after rash onset (6). Several RT-PCR assays for the detection of the RV genome in clinical samples have been described (3,7,15,16,20,25). Templates for the determination of viral sequences for molecular epidemiology can also be made by using RT-PCR.The use of alternative specimens could help reduce the obstacles to specimen collection, storage, and transport in the field (22). Oral fluid (OF), which is collected by rubbing an absorptive device between the gum and the cheek, can be obtained by a method that is relatively noninvasive, is easier to obtain than blood, and has the advantage that it can be used for both RVspecific antibody detection and RV genome detection (12,19,20). Currently, in the United Kingdom, OF samples from notified clinically diagnosed cases are collected between 1 and 6 weeks after the onset of symptoms and are transported by mail to the Central Public Health Laboratory, where they are tested for specific antibody and viral RNA by RT-PCR. By the use of this strategy, specimens from 54.6% of rubella notifications from 1995 through 2001 were obtained for laboratory testing and specimens from 12.7% of the rubella notifications were confirmed to represent rubella cases (20,21).

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Laboratory confirmation of congenital rubella syndrome in infants: An eye hospital based investigation

Cited by 31 publications

References 24 publications

Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses in vietnam during 2009–2010

Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses in vietnam during 2009–2010

Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Vietnam 2011–2012—CRS epidemic after rubella epidemic in 2010–2011

Confirmation of Rubella within 4 Days of Rash Onset: Comparison of Rubella Virus RNA Detection in Oral Fluid with Immunoglobulin M Detection in Serum or Oral Fluid

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