LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES TO GRASSHOPPERS, <i>MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES</i> AND <i>CAMNULA PELLUCIDA</i> (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

McKinlay, K. S.; Burrage, R. H.

doi:10.4039/ent107543-5

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…The similarity of these values to those of our field-collected grasshoppers indicates that the residues of 2.5 pg/g resulted from relatively efficient spray operations. The degree of grasshopper mortality attributed to the 1987 and 1988 sprays ( S O % ) is comparable to previously reported kills of 91 and 97% for carbofuran applied at 140 g/ha by ground equipment [38], a further indication of efficient deposition.…”

Section: Carbo Furan Deposition and Residuessupporting

confidence: 83%

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Forsyth¹,

Westcott²

1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Deposition and persistence of carbofuran in vegetation and grasshoppers of two prairie pastures were measured after single aerial applications at 134 g a.i per hectare in 1987 and 1988. Mean depositions on horizontal filter paper samplers were 43 1 and 64 9% of the nominal rate in the two applications Variability of deposits, measured as C V.s, were 76 4% and 86 9% Carbofuran residues in vegetation and grasshoppers were less variable than those in deposit samplers, with C V s of 40 6 and 70 6% in vegetation and 58 6 and 32 5% in grasshoppers for 1987 and 1988, respectively. Residues declined by 50% in 24 h both years from initial concentrations (3 h postspray) in vegetation of 13 3 and 10 8 μg/g Initial residues in grasshoppers averaged 2 2 μg/g in 1987 and 3.9 μg/g in 1988; the mean for both years was 2.5 μg/g Grasshoppers contained the same concentration of carbofuran 3 h after spraying, whether collected live or dead Maximum residues of 5 7 μg/g were found in grasshoppers from two of the 40 sites sampled in both years A model fitted to the data indicated that there may have been about a 24 to 44% loss of residues from vegetation, probably due to volatilization and other processes, before samples were collected at 3 h There was a decline in residues per grasshopper of 30% in 24 h both years, which was not evident when expressed as micrograms per gram because of desiccation of the dead insects The concentrations of carbofuran in the vegetation and grasshoppers were typical of aerial spraying, hence, they may be used as baseline values for estimating exposure of herbivores and msectivores to insecticide deposits from similar spray events by adjusting for rate of application Deposits measured on filter papers were positively related to concentrations in vegetation and grasshoppers Calculations of the potential effects on wildlife of ingesting sprayed grasshoppers, combined with other routes of exposure, indicated a relatively low hazard for herbivorous rodents but a relatively high hazard for insectivorous adult passerines and their young Monitoring passerines in a related field study did, however, not reveal any effects on survival within 3 d of spraying carbofuran.

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Section: Carbo Furan Deposition and Residuessupporting

confidence: 83%

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Forsyth¹,

Westcott²

1994

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…In the laboratory, toxicity of topical applications to grasshoppers and the persistence of toxic deposits on wheat seedlings were determined for each insecticide using methods described by McKinlay (1969) and McKinlay and Burrage (1975). All laboratory experiments, except those using vegetation from the field, were conducted with second-instar nymphs of a nondiapause strain of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and Persistence of Bioethanomethrin and Dimethoate in the Control of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera)

Burrage¹,

McKinlay²,

Ford³

1976

Can Entomol

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Can. Ent. 108: 773-776 (1976) In laboratory tests Bioethanomethrin was more than 20 times as toxic as dimethoate when sprayed on nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.). Its residual effect on grasshoppers fed treated foliage was relatively insignificant. Toxicity in small field experiments resulted mainly from spray hitting the grasshoppers rather than from their walking or feeding on treated foliage. For 8 days the dimethoate treatment kept numbers of invading grasshoppers significantly lower than those in untreated plots, whereas Bioethanomethrin was ineffective after 2 days. The results indicate that the residual toxicity of the insecticides was of secondary importance in reducing the initial infestation; however, residues do offer a margin of safety against such hazards as poor application, invasion from outside, or continued hatching after treatment.

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“…However, if such tests are to provide a reliable indication of field performance, they should relate to conditions under which the compounds are normally applied (McKinlay 1969). As sprays may be used to control either static or highly mobile populations of grasshopper nymphs (McKinlay 1969), conventional insecticides are assessed for their contact and residual toxicities (McKinlay andBurrage 1975, 1977). Because diflubenzuron exhibits virtually no contact activity in post-embryonic stages (Retnakaran and Smith 1975), traditional bioassays must be modified to provide a better indication of potential field efficacy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although weather, parasites, pathogens, and cultivation practices reduce the frequency and severity of outbreaks, chemical controls are occasionally required. Carbamate and organophosphate insecticides have provided satisfactory control (McKinlay and Burrage 1975) but efforts continue to develop more efficacious and less hazardous compounds (cf. McKinlay and Burrage 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the lethal effects of diflubenzuron are usually delayed until the next moult or even later (Anonymous 1980). Thus, laboratory bioassays which are normally employed to evaluate insecticidal activity in static and mobile grasshopper populations (McKinlay 1969;McKinlay and Burrage 1975) are inappropriate. In assessing the toxicity of diflubenzuron to immature stages, the compound is typically incorporated into artificial diet or applied to foliage (cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TOXICITY OF DIFLUBENZURON TO NYMPHS OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Elliott

Iyer

1982

Can Entomol

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Laboratory tests showed that nymphs of the migratory grasshopper are very sensitive to diflubenzuron (Dimilin) when reared continuously on treated wheat seedlings or artificial diet and fresh lettuce. At concentrations of 10 ppm or above, diflubenzuron completely inhibited moulting of 2nd-instar nymphs. With continuous exposure on treated wheat seedlings, the LC90 values after 8, 12 and 20 days were 10.0, 2.4 and 0.8 ppm, respectively. Comparable values were obtained with the artificial diet and lettuce. However, when 2nd instars were placed on diflubenzuron-treated wheat foliage for 1 day then transferred onto untreated plants, toxicity declined markedly.Although the toxic effects of diflubenzuron were delayed, dry weight determinations on wheat seedlings indicated that nymphal feeding damage was insignificant if the plants had been sprayed with 10 ppm diflubenzuron.The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the potential field use of diflubenzuron against stationary and mobile grasshopper nymphs.

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LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON THE TOXICITY OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES TO GRASSHOPPERS, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES AND CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Cited by 4 publications

References 3 publications

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Carbofuran residues in grasshoppers and vegetation from aerially sprayed prairie pastures: Potential effects on wildlife

Toxicity and Persistence of Bioethanomethrin and Dimethoate in the Control of Grasshoppers (Orthoptera)

TOXICITY OF DIFLUBENZURON TO NYMPHS OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

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