Labor market participation and depression during the COVID-19 epidemic among young adults (18 to 30 years): a nationally representative study in France

Abstract

Objective: To examine the relationship between young adults labor force participation and depression in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, Participants: Data come from the nationally-representative EPICOV cohort study set up in France, and were collected in 2020 and 2021 (3 waves of online or telephone interviews) among 2217 participants aged 18-30 years. Participants with prior mental health disorder (n=50) were excluded from the statistical analyses. Results: Using Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models controlled for participant socio-demographic and health characteristics and weighted to be nationally-representative, we found that compared to young adults who were employed, those who were studying or unemployed were significantly more likely to experience depression assessed using the PHQ-9 (multivariate ORs respectively: OR: 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.60 and OR: 1.50, 1.13-1.99). Stratifying the analyses by age, we observed than unemployment was more strongly associated with depression among participants 25-30 years than among those who were 18-24 years (multivariate ORs respectively 1.78, 95% CI 1.17-2.71 and 1.41, 95% CI 0.96-2.09). Being out of the labor force was, to the contrary, more significantly associated with depression among participants 18-24 years (multivariate OR: 1.71, 95% CI 1.04-2.82, vs. 1.00, 95% CI 0.53-1.87 among participants 25-30 years). Stratifying the analyses by sex, we found no significant differences in the relationships between labor market characteristics and depression (compared to participants who were employed, multivariate ORs associated with being a student: men: 1.33, 95% CI 1.01-1.76; women: 1.19, 95% CI 0.85-1.67, multivariate ORs associated with being unemployed: men: 1.60, 95% CI 1.04-2.45; women: 1.47, 95% CI 1.01-2.15). Conclusions and relevance: Our study shows that in addition to students, young adults who are unemployed also experience elevated levels of depression in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These two groups should be the focus of specific attention in terms of prevention and mental health treatment. Supporting employment could also be a propitious way of reducing the burden of the Covid-19 pandemic on the mental health of young adults.

Moderation of the association between COVID-19-related income loss and depression by receipt of financial support: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of young adults in Canada and France (2020–2021)

“…These experiences of emotional stress due to the COVID-19-induced economic crisis represent critical risk factors for mental health challenges ( Achdut & Refaeli, 2020 ; de Miquel et al, 2022 ; Graupensperger et al, 2022 ; Ranta et al, 2020 ; Shanahan et al, 2022 ), including depression, the prevalence of which has steadily increased among young adults in recent decades ( Mojtabai et al, 2016 ). Previous studies have also showed that young adults with lower family income ( Basheti et al, 2021 ; Browning et al, 2021 ; Yang & Yang, 2022 ), and those who experienced income loss, job insecurity or unemployment due to the pandemic were more likely to report depressive symptoms ( Ganson et al, 2021 ; Melchior et al, 2022 ; Thorndike et al, 2022 ). These findings underscore the need to further investigate the role of financial support strategies on mental health outcomes among young adults.…”