Labial and Mandibular Dynamics during the Production of Bilabial Consonants: Preliminary Observations

Sussman, Harvey M.; MacNeilage, Peter F.; Hanson, Ryan

doi:10.1044/jshr.1603.397

Cited by 124 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Similar to locomotion (Grillner and Zangger, 1975), muscle onsets were found to be highly related, although there was no consistent sequence of onsets across subjects. Previous EMG studies of jaw and lip muscles during speech have also reported inconsistent ordering of muscle onsets across subjects (Sussman et al, 1973;Folkins, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all subjects muscle activity was sampled from 2 upper lip depressor muscles-orbicularis oris superior (00s) and depressor anguli oris (DAO)-and 2 lower lip elevators-orbicularis oris inferior (001) and mentalis (MTL). Electrode placements were based on anatomical landmarks from cadaveric studies (Kennedy and Abbs, 1979;Kahane and Folkins, 1984) and functional verification (Sussman et al, 1973). While anatomical localization of specific perioral muscles is problematic due to interdigitation of muscle fibers (Blair and Smith, 1986), verification procedures (e.g., the onset and offset of muscles consistent with their actions based on known orientation of muscle fibers, and the cessation of activity during antagonistic actions; see Smith et al, 1985) suggested that the muscles sampled were providing functionally specific electromyographic (EMG) information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements

Gracco

1988

J. Neurosci.

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Speech movement coordination involves substantial timing adjustments among multiple degrees of muscles and movement freedom. The present investigation examined the kinematic and muscle timing adjustments associated with the production of select speech movements. For oral closing movements, the timing of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw peak velocities were found to be tightly coupled, apparently reflecting a coordinative strategy. In contrast, oral opening movements demonstrated reduced temporal coupling and inconsistent sequencing across subjects. Overall, it appears that the temporal organization of speech movements varies with the specific movement goals. In order to evaluate the coordinative patterns for oral closing in detail, the temporal adjustments of multiple perioral muscles associated with the systematic closing peak velocity relations were examined. The relative timing of muscle onsets and peak EMG amplitudes was found to be predictably related to the peak velocity timing variations, suggesting that the motor commands are temporally scaled to generate changes in speaking conditions. It was also found that the mechanical properties of the speech articulators influence movement coordination and can be exploited to maximize movement efficiency. The systematic change in muscle timing characteristics for all synergistic muscles apparently reduces the degrees of freedom to control, thereby facilitating the coordination process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements

Gracco

1988

J. Neurosci.

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“…Much of this context dependence emerges lawfully from the use of task dynamics. An example of this kind of context dependence in lip closure gestures can be seen in the fact that the three independent articulators that can contribute to closing the lips (upper lip, lower lip, and jaw) do so to different extents as a function of the vowel environment in which the lip closure is produced (Macchi, 1988;Sussman, MacNeilage, & Hanson, 1973). The value of lip aperture achieved, however, remains relatively invariant no matter what the vowel context.…”

Section: Gesturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an articulatory phonology

1986

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We propose an approach to phonological representation based on describing an utterance as an organised pattern of overlapping articulatory gestures. Because movement is inherent in our definition of gestures, these gestural ‘constellations’ can account for both spatial and temporal properties of speech in a relatively simple way. At the same time, taken as phonological representations, such gestural analyses offer many of the same advantages provided by recent nonlinear phonological theories, and we give examples of how gestural analyses simplify the description of such ‘complex segments’ as /s/–stop clusters and prenasalised stops. Thus, gestural structures can be seen as providing a principled link between phonological and physical description.

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“…Unfortunately, they did not manipulate higher formants, which also vary in frequency at voicing offset as a function of consonant voicing (Nittrouer, Estee, Lowenstein, and Smith, submitted). Furthermore, the changing (i.e., dynamic) nature of formant transitions is generally considered to be critical to speech recognition for both adults and children (e.g., Browman and Goldstein, 1990;Miranda and Strange, 1989;Nittrouer, Manning, and Meyer, 1993;Strange, 1989;Sussman, MacNeilage, and Hanson, 1973), owing in part to demonstrations that listeners can understand signals in which sinusoids are substituted for center formant frequencies (e.g., Remez, Rubin, Pisoni, and Carrell, 1981). In these "sinewave" signals, many acoustic properties traditionally associated with phonetic perception are missing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of temporal and dynamic signal components in the perception of syllable-final stop voicing by children and adults

Nittrouer

2004

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Adults whose native languages permit syllable-final obstruents, and show a vocalic length distinction based on the voicing of those obstruents, consistently weight vocalic duration strongly in their perceptual decisions about the voicing of final stops, at least in laboratory studies using synthetic speech. Children, on the other hand, generally disregard such signal properties in their speech perception, favoring formant transitions instead. These age-related differences led to the prediction that children learning English as a native language would weight vocalic duration less than adults, but weight syllable-final transitions more in decisions of final-consonant voicing. This study tested that prediction. In the first experiment, adults and children (eight and six years olds) labeled synthetic and natural CVC words with voiced or voiceless stops in final C position. Predictions were strictly supported for synthetic stimuli only. With natural stimuli it appeared that adults and children alike weighted syllable-offset transitions strongly in their voicing decisions. The predicted age-related difference in the weighting of vocalic duration was seen for these natural stimuli almost exclusively when syllable-final transitions signaled a voiced final stop. A second experiment with adults and children (seven and five years old) replicated these results for natural stimuli with four new sets of natural stimuli. It was concluded that acoustic properties other than vocalic duration might play more important roles in voicing decisions for final stops than commonly asserted, sometimes even taking precedence over vocalic duration.

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Labial and Mandibular Dynamics during the Production of Bilabial Consonants: Preliminary Observations

Cited by 124 publications

References 0 publications

Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements

Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements

Towards an articulatory phonology

The role of temporal and dynamic signal components in the perception of syllable-final stop voicing by children and adults

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