Labeling

Boron and Nitrogen Co-doped Carbon Nanoparticles as Photoluminescent Probes for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Picric Acid

“…Picric acid (PA), also known as trinitrophenol (TNP), is a nitroaromatic organic compound, and it is a stronger explosive than trinitrotoluene (TNT). PA is a common nitro explosive compound used in the military, dye industry, and medicine as antiseptic. − PA at very low concentration can cause severe effects on the skin, eyes, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, metabolism, liver and kidneys, and respiratory system, etc. − Therefore, selective and sensitive detection of PA at low concentration in aqueous solution with less toxic and easy synthesis process nanomaterials is of paramount importance. Various techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, nuclear quadrupole resonance, neutron activation analysis, ion mobility spectrometry, and electrochemistry have been used for the detection of PA.…”

MgO Nanocubes as Self-Calibrating Optical Probes for Efficient Ratiometric Detection of Picric Acid in the Solid State

“…In this aspect, various nitro compounds are considered as the most harmful environmental pollutants among the other organic and inorganic counter parts and also highly explosive due to the presence of various electron deficient nitro groups. − The trinitrophenol (TNP) known as picric acid (PA) is the most common hazardous environmental pollutant among all the nitro compounds. Its explosive power is very high compared to the other nitro-based compounds even in the very low concentration. − PA is widely used in the military and dye and leather industries, as a reagent in laboratory procedures, for rocket fuel manufacturing, in fireworks, in pharmaceuticals, and so forth. − As it is highly soluble in water (14 g/L at 20 °C) and has multidimensional uses, PA and all its chemical derivatives highly contaminate the soil and groundwater, causing serious health hazards to the living beings. , The permissible concentration of PA is 0.001 mg/L in groundwater, and higher than this is considered toxic. − Exposure to PA even at very low concentration can cause severe health problems such as irritation to eyes and skin, headache, and anemia, and higher content may cause damage to the respiratory organs, red blood cells, and the neurological system and problems in the liver and kidneys. − Hence, from an environmental and forensic point of view, the detection of PA in groundwater, soil, and blast areas with high selectivity and sensitivity are of paramount importance, for which various techniques such as surface enhance Raman spectroscopy (SERS), X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS), gas chromatography (GC), and so on have been employed. − Though these methods are well-established, their high cost, heavy instrumentation, long time for experiments, and requirements of calibration, and so on limit their use for on-site applications. Hence, it remains a challenge to establish cost-effective and user-friendly detection with high sensitivity and selectivity for nitro compounds.…”