Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation

Iqbal, Muzammil; Gleeson, Martin A.; Spaugh, Bradley; Tybor, Frank; Gunn, William G; Hochberg, Michael; Baehr‐Jones, Tom; Bailey, Ryan C.; Gunn, L. Cary

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2009.2032510

Cited by 493 publications

(387 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In recent years, various integrated optical devices have been developed for label-free bio-sensing such as ring resonators, 1 wire waveguides, 2 surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 3 and photonic crystal (PC) microcavities. [4][5][6] The detection principle is based on a change in the refractive index, and hence the transduced signal caused by the specific binding of the biomolecule of interest to its specific conjugate biomolecule receptor bound to the optical device substrate.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Chakravarty

Hosseini

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We analyze the contributions of quality factor, fill fraction, and group index of chip-integrated resonance microcavity devices, to the detection limit for bulk chemical sensing and the minimum detectable biomolecule concentration in biosensing. We analyze the contributions from analyte absorbance, as well as from temperature and spectral noise. Slow light in two-dimensional photonic crystals provide opportunities for significant reduction of the detection limit below 1 Â 10 À7 RIU (refractive index unit) which can enable highly sensitive sensors in diverse application areas. We demonstrate experimentally detected concentration of 1 fM (67 fg/ml) for the binding between biotin and avidin, the lowest reported till date. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4875903]In recent years, various integrated optical devices have been developed for label-free bio-sensing such as ring resonators, 1 wire waveguides, 2 surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 3 and photonic crystal (PC) microcavities. [4][5][6] The detection principle is based on a change in the refractive index, and hence the transduced signal caused by the specific binding of the biomolecule of interest to its specific conjugate biomolecule receptor bound to the optical device substrate. The device sensitivity is determined by the magnitude of light-matter interaction.For early bio-pathogen detection, a sensor with highest sensitivity is desired. The sensitivity is measured by the magnitude of the resonance wavelength shift for a fixed concentration, as well as the minimum concentration that can be detected. Initial PC designs focused on donor defect modes such as in a L4 microcavity (4 missing holes) 7 or acceptor defect modes 8 as in H1 defect cavities, in a triangular lattice of air holes. Later, designs increased the analyte overlap with cavity modes, also referred as fill fraction, for enhanced sensitivity. 9 Recently, we showed that an increased cavity length results in an increase in the quality factor (Q-factor) of the resonance mode 10-12 that allows smaller changes in concentration to be distinguished. The high Q enhances the interaction time between the optical mode and the analyte while the larger mode volume results in larger fill fraction, both factors resulting in higher sensitivity We demonstrated experimentally in our side-coupled two-dimensional (2D) PC cavity-waveguide architecture that the magnitude of the slow-down factor in the coupling waveguide contributes to enhanced light-matter interaction. 11 Over successive generations, we demonstrated experimentally 50 fM (3.35 pg/ml) sensitivity to the detection of the specific binding of avidin to biotin 12 with a L55 type PC microcavity (55 missing holes).A question still remains about the relative merits of Q-factor, fill fraction, and group index, when considered in conjunction with different sources of noise in measurements, in order to achieve low detection limits in chip-integrated photonic sensors. While an increased modal overlap with the analyte lowers the detection limit...

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Chakravarty

Hosseini

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Label-free detection is a solution to this involving a transducer that directly measures some physical property of the biological compound. This transducer can be mechanical [2,3], electrical [4,5], or optical [6,7].…”

Section: Introduction: the Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optical label-free biosensors have received considerable attention over the past years [6][7][8][9]. The key behind optical biosensors' ability to detect biological analytes is that they are able to translate a change in the propagation speed of light into a quantifiable signal proportional to the amount of biological material present on the sensor surface.…”

Section: Introduction: the Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction tubes: A new platform for silicon nanophotonic ring resonator sensors

Arce

Put²,

Goes

et al. 2014

Journal of Applied Physics

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Label-free biosensing with silicon nanophotonic ring resonator sensors has proven to be an excellent sensing technique for achieving high throughput and high sensitivity, comparing favorably with other labeled and label-free sensing techniques.However, as in any biosensing platform, silicon nanophotonic ring resonator sensors require a fluidic component which allows the continuous delivery of the sample to the sensor surface. This is the big disadvantage of this platform since this type of microfluidic system is very much removed from the daily practice in e.g. hospital labs, which still relies to a large degree on platforms like 96-well microtiter plates, or reaction tubes. To address this major drawback, we propose the combination of a simple and lab-compatible reaction tube platform, with label-free nanophotonic biosensors with a special microfluidic system imbedded into the same chip, where the flow is through the chip rather than over the chip as in more traditional approaches. This shows that label-free nanophotonic ring resonators can be also used in the user-friendly platform like reaction tubes or well microtiter plates, conserving their excellent performance.

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“…Microring resonator sensors stand out as prime candidates for such transducers among other technologies such as Fabry-Perot cavities, microdisks, or photonic crystal cavities, for achieving high performance in a robust manufacturable manner [3]. These label-free evanescent field sensors have seen rapid development in recent years [3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon photonic sensors incorporated in a digital microfluidic system

et al. 2012

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Label-free biosensing with silicon nanophotonic microring resonator sensors has proven to be an excellent sensing technique for achieving high-throughput and high sensitivity, comparing favorably with other labeled and label-free sensing techniques. However, as in any biosensing platform, silicon nanophotonic microring resonator sensors require a fluidic component which allows the continuous delivery of the sample to the sensor surface. This component is typically based on microchannels in PDMS or other materials which add cost and complexity to the system. The use of microdroplets in a digital microfluidic system, instead of continuous flows, is one of the recent trends in the field, where micro-to picoliter-sized droplets are generated, transported, mixed and split, thereby creating miniaturized reaction chambers which can be controlled individually in time and space. This avoids cross-talk between samples or reagents and allows fluid plugs to be manipulated on reconfigurable paths, which cannot be achieved using the more established and more complex technology of microfluidic channels where droplets are controlled in series. It has great potential for high-throughput liquid handling, while avoiding on-chip cross contamination.We present the integration of two miniaturized technologies: label-free silicon nanophotonic microring resonator sensors and digital microfluidics, providing an alternative to the typical microfluidic system based on microchannels. The performance of this combined system is demonstrated by performing proof-of-principle measurements of glucose, sodium chloride and ethanol concentrations. These results show that multiplexed real-time detection and analysis, great flexibility, and portability make the combination of these technologies an ideal platform for easy and fast use in any laboratory.

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Label-Free Biosensor Arrays Based on Silicon Ring Resonators and High-Speed Optical Scanning Instrumentation

Cited by 493 publications

References 26 publications

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Analysis of ultra-high sensitivity configuration in chip-integrated photonic crystal microcavity bio-sensors

Reaction tubes: A new platform for silicon nanophotonic ring resonator sensors

Silicon photonic sensors incorporated in a digital microfluidic system

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