Label-Free Biochips for Accurate Detection of Prostate Cancer in the Clinic: Dual Biomarkers and Circulating Tumor Cells

Abstract

Purpose: Early diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is essential for the prevention of metastasis and for early treatment; therefore, we aimed to develop a simple, accurate, and multi-analyte assay system for early PCa diagnosis in this study. Experimental design: We fabricated three kinds of biochips then integrated into microfluidic device for simultaneous detection of vascularendothelial growth factor (VEGF), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and PCa circulating tumor cells (CTC) in human serum for accurate diagnosis of PCa. Then the integrated device can be put in the ELISA reader for signal analysis after sample incubation, no necessary of further fluorescence staining or microscopy counting. Result: The integrated device has wide liner detection ranges (0.05-25 ng/mL for both PSA and VEGF, and 5-300 cells/mL for PCa CTC), as well as high levels of sensitivity and selectivity, and demonstrated a high correlation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for sample detection in patients. Also, the presented biochips could maintain their stability when stored at 37°C for 49 days without significant differences in the red-shift (<5%). Conclusions: We have successfully developed a multi-analyte sensing system for rapid and easy detection of PSA, VEGF, and PC3 cells in PCa samples using label-free glass-based chips. This method presents the advantages of a broad working range, high specificity, label-free, high-speed, stability, and low cost detection method for point-of-care testing of PCa.

Gold Nanoparticles-Based Multipedal DNA Walker for Ratiometric Detection of Circulating Tumor Cell

“…Circulation tumor DNA (ctDNA), a fraction of cell-free DNA, carries the information on mutations and genetic alterations of primary tumor, which can also be regarded as a cancer biomarker. Compared with traditional biopsy assays and ctDNA analysis, CTC quantification provides new insights and more direct evidence for early diagnosis, curative assessment, disease staging, and so on . However, CTC assay is still a challenge due to the exceedingly rare presence in blood (usually less than 10 cells/mL) and inherent fragility .…”

Combined Detection of CA19–9 and MUC1 Using a Colorimetric Immunosensor Based on Magnetic Gold Nanorods for Ultrasensitive Risk Assessment of Pancreatic Cancer

“…After cystamine modification, there was a redshift in the LP band to 892 nm from 865, most likely because the double CTAB layer was replaced with small thio-molecules (i.e., cystamine) leading to the LP change in refractive index (RI). Additionally, the baseline of absorption was changed, and showing a shoulder peak at approximately 350–400 nm after the IO NPs attachment (Figure A). , Note that the longitudinal band was blue-shifted to 880 nm after IO NPs attachment on Cys-GNRs from 892 nm, most likely because the IO attachment affected the aspect ratio to cause LP change in RI of Cys-GNRs, also confirmed the formation of the MGNRs hybrid structure. , …”

“…14,15 Note that the longitudinal band was blue-shifted to 880 nm after IO NPs attachment on Cys-GNRs from 892 nm, most likely because the IO attachment affected the aspect ratio to cause LP change in RI of Cys-GNRs, also confirmed the formation of the MGNRs hybrid structure. 16,17 The FTIR spectrum of the IO NPs represented a peak at 576 cm −1 correspond to the FeO stretching vibration of Fe 3 O 4 . 18 After adsorbed on Cys-GNRs to form MGNRs, the FTIR spectrum exhibited additional bands consistent with the main vibration modes of cystamine and GNRs; the peaks at 2850 and 2918 cm −1 were assigned to the stretching vibration of CCH 2 of CTAB, 19 the peak at 2918 cm −1 was due to the presence of the CN and CN bond in cysteamine, 20 and the prominent peak at 1632 cm −1 was due to the gold nanoparticles in both colloids (Figure 1B).…”

The Current Trends of Biosensors in Tissue Engineering

“…For early detection, label-free biosensors are widely used to provide a rapid easy strategy to fabricate versatile cancer biosensors. Pan et al developed a dual biomarkers-label chip (i.e., VEGF- and PSA-labeled) for prostate cancers and their circulating tumor cells ( Figure 3 f) [ 96 ]. These biomarkers are designed as thiolated biomarkers for immobilization on a gold nanorods (GNR)-deposited silicon chip.…”

“…The biochip offers a high sensitivity for the detection of prostate cancers and their circulating tumor cells and an easy quick method to analyze by using a UV-Vis absorbance within one hour. (Reprinted with permission from [ 96 ] Copyright (2017) Ivy spring International Publisher) ( g ) Schematic illustrating the principle and operation of the biochip by linking neutravidin with a tether lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle (LPHN) and loading extracellular vesicle (EV) on an Au layer. This technique enables to distinguish patients with early- or late-stage pancreatic cancers.…”