Label-free and reagent-less electrochemical detection of nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2: an ultrasensitive and disposable biosensor

Aydın, Elif Burcu; Aydın, Muhammet; Sezgintürk, Mustafa Kemal

doi:10.1039/d2nj00046f

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…38 The S protein selectively binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a cellular surface receptor, through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). 39 This binding is essential for membrane fusion between the virus and the host cell. 40 Numerous SARS-CoV-2 variants have mutations in the S protein, affecting the interaction of the virus with ACE2.…”

Section: Protein Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activation of the responsive surface makes it possible to accurately detect very small amounts of virus, corresponding to a limit of detection (LOD) of ≈ fg mL −1 . 39 Antibodies such as immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM) have been widely used for a large variety of COVID-19 tests. However, immunoglobulins often do not appear immediately in the patient's blood, and early infections can be misdiagnosed.…”

Section: Protein Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

de Araujo,

Lukas,

Torres

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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Many systems have been designed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is readily transmitted, resulting in the rapid spread of disease in human populations. Frequent testing at the point of care (POC) is a key aspect for controlling outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging pathogens, as the early identification of infected individuals can then be followed by appropriate measures of isolation or treatment, maximizing the chances of recovery and preventing infectious spread. Diagnostic tools used for high-frequency testing should be inexpensive, provide a rapid diagnostic response without sophisticated equipment, and be amenable to manufacturing on a large scale. The application of these devices should enable large-scale data collection, help control viral transmission, and prevent disease propagation. Here we review functional nanomaterial-based optical and electrochemical biosensors for accessible POC testing for COVID-19. These biosensors incorporate nanomaterials coupled with paper-based analytical devices and other inexpensive substrates, traditional lateral flow technology (antigen and antibody immunoassays), and innovative biosensing methods. We critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nanobiosensor-based approaches compared to widely used technologies such as PCR, ELISA, and LAMP. Moreover, we delineate the main technological, (bio)chemical, translational, and regulatory challenges associated with developing functional and reliable biosensors, which have prevented their translation into the clinic. Finally, we highlight how nanobiosensors, given their unique advantages over existing diagnostic tests, may help in future pandemics.

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Section: Protein Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protein Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

de Araujo,

Lukas,

Torres

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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“…46 Label-free detection of nucleocapsid protein was reported by Elif et al utilizing electrochemical methods. 47 Multimarker evaluation was presented by a few research groups. Biotin-labeled SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody was utilized for the simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM antibodies.…”

Section: Electroanalytical Techniques Have Been Utilized To Design Se...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…COVID‐19 detection using a Geno sensor utilizing data and machine learning techniques were reported 46 . Label‐free detection of nucleocapsid protein was reported by Elif et al utilizing electrochemical methods 47 . Multimarker evaluation was presented by a few research groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID severity test (CoST sensor)—An electrochemical immunosensing approach to stratify disease severity

Madhurantakam

Karnam²,

Muthukumar³

et al. 2023

Bioengineering & Transla Med

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With the evolution of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there is now a need for point‐of‐care devices for the quantification of disease biomarkers toward disease severity assessment. Disease progression has been determined as a multifactor phenomenon and can be treated based on the host immune response within each individual. CoST is an electrochemical immunosensor point‐of‐care device that can determine disease severity through multiplex measurement and quantification of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, D‐dimer, and IL‐2R from 100 μL of plasma samples within a few minutes. The limit of detection was found to be 3 ng/mL and 21 ng/mL for S and N proteins whereas for D‐dimer and IL‐2R it was 0.0006 ng/mL and 0.242 ng/mL, respectively. Cross‐reactivity of all the biomarkers was studied and it was found to be <20%. Inter and intra‐assay variability of the CoST sensor was less than <15% confirming its ability to detect the target biomarker in body fluids. In addition, this platform has also been tested to quantify all four biomarkers in 40 patient samples and to predict the severity index. A significant difference was observed between healthy and COVID‐19 samples with a p‐value of 0.0002 for D‐dimer and <0.0001 for other proteins confirming the ability of the COST sensor to be used as a point of care device to assess disease severity at clinical sites. This device platform can be modified to impact a wide range of disease indications where prognostic monitoring of the host response can be critical in modulating therapy.

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“…The immunosensors enabled a fast detection of (less than 10 min) NP with the LOD of 0.227, 0.334, and 0.362 ng/mL for GC, BDD, and Au electrodes, respectively. Some other researcher utilized functionalized graphene, BiWO 6 /Bi 2 S 3 /GCE, AuNPs/SCPE, AuNPs/poly(aldehyde substituted thiophene) (Pthi-Ald)/indium-tin-oxide (ITO), nanostructured/SPCE, and screen-printed gold (SPG) electrodes for the effective immobilization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NP and the subsequent binding of SARS-CoV-2 NP [62,[91][92][93][94][95]. The corresponding analytical performance of these immunosensors is summarized in Table 4.…”

Section: Detection Of Nucleocapsid Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management

Rahman

2022

Chemosensors

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Rapid and early diagnosis of lethal coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an important issue considering global human health, economy, education, and other activities. The advancement of understanding of the chemistry/biochemistry and the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to the development of low-cost, efficient, and reliable methods for COVID-19 diagnosis over “gold standard” real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) due to its several limitations. This led to the development of electrochemical sensors/biosensors for rapid, fast, and low-cost detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus from the patient’s biological fluids by detecting the components of the virus, including structural proteins (antigens), nucleic acid, and antibodies created after COVID-19 infection. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art research progress of electrochemical biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. They include the detection of spike protein, nucleocapsid protein, whole virus, nucleic acid, and antibodies. The review also outlines the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, different detection methods, and design strategies of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 biosensors by highlighting the current challenges and future perspectives.

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Label-free and reagent-less electrochemical detection of nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2: an ultrasensitive and disposable biosensor

Abstract: A novel selective and ultrasensitive sandwich biosensor was developed for the detection of nucleocapsid biomarker of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The biosensor fabrication strategy was composed of...

Cited by 10 publications

References 61 publications

Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

Low-Cost Biosensor Technologies for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 and Future Pandemics

COVID severity test (CoST sensor)—An electrochemical immunosensing approach to stratify disease severity

Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management

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