Label compliance for ingredient verification: regulations, approaches, and trends for testing botanical products marketed for “immune health” in the United States

You, Hong; Abraham, Evelyn J.; Mulligan, Jason; Zhou, Yucheng; Montoya, Maureen; Willig, Jennifer A.; Chen, Bo-Kai; Wang, Chin‐Kun; Wang, Li‐Shu; Dong, Athena; Shamtsyan, Mark; Nguyen, Haiuyen; Wong, Aol; Wallace, Taylor C.

doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2124230

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Marker compounds unique to a species are quantified and used to confirm a sample's identity. In some cases, this is a single compound; in others, it is a unique ratio of compounds 36 . For example, the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) official method for identifying ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera WS) utilises 10 different compounds 37 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of high‐ and low‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for herbal product classification: A case study with Ocimum essential oils

Abraham

Wallace

Kellogg

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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Introduction Selection of marker compounds for targeted chemical analysis is complicated when considering varying instrumentation and closely related plant species. High‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), via orbitrap detection, has yet to be evaluated for improved marker compound selection. Objective This study directly compares high‐ and low‐resolution GC–MS for botanical maker compound selection using Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (OT) and Ocimum gratissimum L. (OG) for botanical ingredient authentication. Methods The essential oils of OT and OG were collected via hydrodistillation before untargeted chemical analysis with gas chromatography coupled to single‐quadrupole (GC‐SQ) and orbitrap (GC‐Orbitrap) detectors. The Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) software was used for compound annotation, and a manual search was used to find the 41 most common Ocimum essential oil metabolites. Results The GC‐Orbitrap resulted in 1.7‐fold more metabolite detection and increased dynamic range compared to the GC‐SQ. Spectral matching and manual searching were improved with GC‐Orbitrap data. Each instrument had differing known compound concentrations; however, there was an overlap of six compounds with higher abundance in OG than OT and three compounds with a higher abundance in OT than OG, suggesting consistent detection of the most variable compounds. An unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) could not discern the two species with either dataset. Conclusion GC‐Orbitrap instrumentation improves compound detection, dynamic range, and feature annotation in essential oil analysis. However, considering both high‐ and low‐resolution data may improve reliable marker compound selection, as GC‐Orbitrap analysis alone did not improve unsupervised separation of two Ocimum species compared to GC‐SQ data.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of high‐ and low‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for herbal product classification: A case study with Ocimum essential oils

Abraham

Wallace

Kellogg

2023

Phytochemical Analysis

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“…UPLC is an ideal instrument type for camelina glucosinolate analysis because it provides superior separation power, requires less organic solvent and run time, and is only 20–30% more expensive than HPLC. As the first step for developing a botanical analysis method on liquid chromatography, an instrument method with high specificity is usually established to provide accurate data to guide the optimization of sample preparation procedures [ 31 , 32 ]. Botanical analysis for industrial quality control applications requires the simultaneous separation of numerous phytochemicals within a short period of time [ 33 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Efficient Quantification of Glucosinolates in Camelina Seed, Oil, and Defatted Meal: Optimization, Development, and Validation of a UPLC-DAD Method

et al. 2022

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Camelina sativa (camelina) seed, oil, and defatted meal are widely used for food, animal feed, and other purposes. The accurate quantification of camelina glucosinolates is critical as their functionalities are highly dose-dependent. The classic quantification of glucosinolates in camelina products involves tedious desulfation steps, toxic reagents, and a lengthy instrument time because glucosinolates are easy to degrade and subject to interference in the liquid chromatography. Thus, we developed and validated an eco-efficient UPLC-DAD method for determining glucoarabin (GS9), glucocamelinin (GS10), and homoglucocamelinin (GS11) in camelina seed, oil, and defatted meal. Glucosinolates were extracted using 80% cold methanol to denature myrosinase, and were separated by an HSS T3 column without desulfation. Glucotropaeolin was used as an internal standard to track analyte degradation and loss during sample preparation. The method has shown high precision (relative standard deviations ranging from 4.12% to 6.54%) and accuracy (>94.4% spike recovery) for GS9-11, and all validation parameters passed the industry-consensus AOAC Appendix F criteria. To our best knowledge, this is the first eco-efficient and low-cost analytical method that is validated against strict AOAC criteria for the quantification of intact camelina glucosinolates. The method is suitable to be adopted as a new industrial testing standard to assist in the quality control of camelina products.

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“…Despite the increasing popularity of herbal supplements, botanical or chemical adulteration and product mislabeling are important areas of concern ( Abraham & Kellogg, 2021 ; Balekundri & Mannur, 2020 ; Liu & Lu, 2017 ; Vaclavik et al, 2014 ; Wheatley & Spink, 2013 ; You et al, 2022 , pp. 1–20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1–20). A number of studies have reported the detection of undeclared ingredients, unsubstantiated claims and other forms of mislabeling in dietary supplements ( Avery et al, 2017 ; Cohen et al, 2014 ; Dahm et al, 2022 ; Hellberg et al, 2019 ; Isaacs & Hellberg, 2019 ; Levinson, 2012 ; Morovic et al, 2016 ; Schoonees et al, 2013 ; Silva et al, 2020 ), including herbal supplements ( Navarro et al, 2019 ; Newmaster et al, 2013 ; You et al, 2022 , pp. 1–20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the study participants, 40% had elevated blood levels of lead and 5% of those tested had elevated blood mercury levels. Furthermore, popular botanicals marketed for immune health, such as elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms, have been associated with inaccurate labeling due to adulteration with lower grade ingredients, undeclared plants, and synthetic compounds, which is partially attributed to pandemic-related issues with supply chains ( You et al, 2022 , pp. 1–20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Labeling compliance and online claims for Ayurvedic herbal supplements on the U.S. market associated with the purported treatment of COVID-19

et al. 2023

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Label compliance for ingredient verification: regulations, approaches, and trends for testing botanical products marketed for “immune health” in the United States

Cited by 13 publications

References 119 publications

A comparison of high‐ and low‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for herbal product classification: A case study with Ocimum essential oils

A comparison of high‐ and low‐resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for herbal product classification: A case study with Ocimum essential oils

Eco-Efficient Quantification of Glucosinolates in Camelina Seed, Oil, and Defatted Meal: Optimization, Development, and Validation of a UPLC-DAD Method

Labeling compliance and online claims for Ayurvedic herbal supplements on the U.S. market associated with the purported treatment of COVID-19

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