Lab-on-Chip for Everyone: Introducing an Electronic-Photonic Platform for Multiparametric Biosensing Using Standard CMOS Processes

Adamopoulos, Christos; Zarkos, Panagiotis; Buchbinder, Sidney; Bhargava, Pavan; Niknejad, Ali M.; Anwar, Mekhail; Stojanović, Vladimir

doi:10.1109/ojsscs.2021.3118336

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Through the analysis of droplets, critical properties of their behavior on solid surfaces can be determined. These properties include the time of evaporation (ToE), evaporation rate (ER) [8], dielectric constant [9][10][11] humidity characteristics [12] thermal diffusivity [13], refractive index [14], and adhesion [15]. The field of CMOS biosensors has seen a multitude of techniques proposed for droplet analysis such as a magnetic sensor [16], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensor [17], optical sensor [14,18], thermal sensor [13], and capacitive sensor [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These properties include the time of evaporation (ToE), evaporation rate (ER) [8], dielectric constant [9][10][11] humidity characteristics [12] thermal diffusivity [13], refractive index [14], and adhesion [15]. The field of CMOS biosensors has seen a multitude of techniques proposed for droplet analysis such as a magnetic sensor [16], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensor [17], optical sensor [14,18], thermal sensor [13], and capacitive sensor [19][20][21]. For instance a CMOS thermal sensor has been proposed by Cheng et al [13] for the direct measurement of the diffusivity of liquid samples dropped onto the device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis

Osouli Tabrizi,

Forouhi,

Azadmousavi

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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This paper introduces an innovative method for the analysis of alcohol–water droplets on a CMOS capacitive sensor, leveraging the controlled thermal behavior of the droplets. Using this sensing method, the capacitive sensor measures the total time of evaporation (ToE), which can be influenced by the droplet volume, temperature, and chemical composition. We explored this sensing method by introducing binary mixtures of water and ethanol or methanol across a range of concentrations (0–100%, with 10% increments). The experimental results indicate that while the capacitive sensor is effective in measuring both the total ToE and dielectric properties, a higher dynamic range and resolution are observed in the former. Additionally, an array of sensing electrodes successfully monitors the droplet–sensor surface interaction. However practical considerations such as the creation of parasitic capacitance due to mismatch, arise from the large sensing area in the proposed capacitive sensors and other similar devices. In this paper, we discuss this non-ideality and propose a solution. Also, this paper showcases the benefits of utilizing a CMOS capacitive sensing method for accurately measuring ToE.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis

Osouli Tabrizi,

Forouhi,

Azadmousavi

et al. 2024

Micromachines

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“…[5][6][7][8][9][10] Furthermore, the optical filters may give birth to numerous new optical sensing applications with multiparameter advantages. [11] The sensing units working at different wavelengths are arranged according to specific rules, which can retrieve the spatial distribution information of various physical quantities such as temperature, concentration, [12] strain, [13] and even ultrasound [14,15] to achieve quasi-distributed sensing. Additionally, multiplexed functionalization with different bioreceptors allows for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes from a single sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Resolution 2D Quasi‐Distributed Optical Sensing with On‐Chip Multiplexed FSR‐Free Nanobeam Cavity Array

Tang,

Sun,

Bao

et al. 2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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On‐chip free spectral range (FSR)‐free optical filter with a compact footprint is crucial for developing emerging sensing applications, as it allows for the optimal utilization of extensive optical bandwidth. Despite being an important area of technology, on‐chip optical sensing system has faced challenges in channel count, particularly due to the limited FSR, large footprint, and loss of the wavelength‐selective filter unit. To address these challenges, a scalable nanobeam cavity prototype with a length of ≈21 µm based on the asymmetric Bragg mirrors is presented. By engineering the band structure of the nanobeam cavity, the stopband can be flexibly tuned to achieve an FSR‐free spectral response within 350 nm. Two 25‐nanobeam‐cavity arrays are fabricated with a footprint of 215 × 120 µm2 and an average insertion loss of ≈3.2 dB over a broad wavelength range. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the largest‐channel‐count multiplexed micro‐cavity array on a single waveguide, reported to date. As a proof‐of‐principle application, the 2D high‐spatial‐resolution temperature distribution sensing is experimentally demonstrated. This work provides new insight into the design of ultra‐compact FSR‐free filters and will give birth to numerous charming applications that make use of the broad bandwidth capabilities of optics while occupying minimal space.

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“…CMOS technology enables the bulky and expensive instrumentation to be effectively integrated into a low-cost chip, and providing an accurate platform to measure physical changes comes from biological activity. CMOS sensors can be classified into various types based on the detection systems such as electro-chemical [10][11][12][13][14], optical [15][16][17][18][19], magnetic [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], mechanical [32,33], and thermal [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Analysis of a Low-Voltage VCO: Reliability and Variability Performance

Azadmousavi,

Ghafar-Zadeh

2023

Micromachines

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This paper investigates an adaptive body biasing (ABB) circuit to improve the reliability and variability of a low-voltage inductor–capacitor (LC) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The ABB circuit provides VCO resilience to process variability and reliability variation through the threshold voltage adjustment of VCO’s transistors. Analytical equations considering the body bias effect are derived for the most important relations of the VCO and then the performance is verified using the post-layout simulation results. Under a 0.16% threshold voltage shift, the sensitivity of the normalized phase noise and transconductance of the VCO with the ABB circuit compared to the constant body bias (CBB) decreases by around 8.4 times and 3.1 times, respectively. Also, the sensitivity of the normalized phase noise and transconductance of the proposed VCO under 0.16% mobility variations decreases by around 1.5 times and 1.7 times compared to the CBB, respectively. The robustness of the VCO is also examined using process variation analysis through Monte Carlo and corner case simulations. The post-layout results in the 180 nm CMOS process indicate that the proposed VCO draws a power consumption of only 398 µW from a 0.6 V supply when the VCO frequency is 2.4 GHz. It achieves a phase noise of −123.19 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset and provides a figure of merit (FoM) of −194.82 dBc/Hz.

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Lab-on-Chip for Everyone: Introducing an Electronic-Photonic Platform for Multiparametric Biosensing Using Standard CMOS Processes

Cited by 9 publications

References 51 publications

A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis

A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis

High‐Resolution 2D Quasi‐Distributed Optical Sensing with On‐Chip Multiplexed FSR‐Free Nanobeam Cavity Array

Design and Analysis of a Low-Voltage VCO: Reliability and Variability Performance

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