Lab-on-a-chip based immunosensor principles and technologies for the detection of cardiac biomarkers: a review

Abstract

This review examines the current state of the art lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic based biosensor technologies used in the detection of cardiac biomarkers. The determination and quantification of blood based, cardiac biomarkers are crucial in the triage and management of a range of cardiac related conditions, where time delay has a major impact on short and longer-term outcomes of a patient. The design and manufacturing of biomarker detection systems are multi-disciplinary in nature and require researchers to have knowledge of both life sciences and engineering for the full potential of this field to be realised. This review will therefore provide a comprehensive overview of chip based immunosensing technology as applied to cardiac biomarker detection, while discussing the potential suitability and limitations of each configuration for incorporation within a clinical diagnostics device suitable for point-of-care applications.

Molecularly imprinted polymers in electro analysis of proteins

“…Например, концентрации миоглобина, тропонинов I и T, белка, связывающего жирные кислоты, креатинкиназы-MB, гликогенфосфорилазы, лактатдегидрогеназы повышаются при остром инфаркте миокарда [37,38,39]. Электрохимический сенсор для анализа тропонина T был получен с использованием в качестве биораспознающего полимера на основе о-фенилендиамина [39,40].…”

Planar lens integrated capillary action microfluidic immunoassay device for the optical detection of troponin I

“…The system lower limit of detection was found to be approximately 0.08 ng/ml of cTnI. Although there are several alternative commercial techniques and research based biosensors capable of detection limits lower than the demonstrated platform, 15,29 the clinically relevant cut-off levels required for diagnostic use is in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng/ml of biomarker. 15,30,31 Therefore, the detection capabilities of our presented detection platform, with a lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.08 ng/ml is within the diagnostics threshold and highly applicable for clinical use.…”

“…Although there are several alternative commercial techniques and research based biosensors capable of detection limits lower than the demonstrated platform, 15,29 the clinically relevant cut-off levels required for diagnostic use is in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng/ml of biomarker. 15,30,31 Therefore, the detection capabilities of our presented detection platform, with a lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.08 ng/ml is within the diagnostics threshold and highly applicable for clinical use. In contrast, comparing against a typical clinically implemented point of care device such as the Cobas h232 (Roche Diagnostics LTD), our lower detection limit surpass this benchmark, further reinforcing the point of care (POC) potential of the current platform.…”

“…As a demonstration of the complete system, fluoro-immunoassays were performed on-chip within the fabricated microfluidic channels to investigate the detection of the cardiac biomarker Troponin I (cTnI), which is considered the gold standard clinical biomarker for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). 15 The complete system of the microfluidic channels and planar lenses are fabricated in a single process by the CO 2 laser. The lenses are then post-processed by polishing to remove imperfections.…”

Capabilities of Piezoelectric Immunosensors for Detecting Infections and for Early Clinical Diagnostics

“…(Casey 2004). Despite a wider application of enzymatic methods of analysis in laboratory diagnostics of cardio-pathology, several works of the recent years have described piezoelectric chemical, bio-and immunosensors for determining biomarkers of non-enzymatic nature -myoglobin (Godber et al 2005), C-reactive protein ( RP) (Kurosawa et al 2003, Kim et al 2009), troponin (Wong-ek et al 2010, Mohammed andDesmulliez 2011), heparin (Cheng et al 2002), thrombin, etc.…”