La ubicación del santuario de Melqart en Gadir: aportación de los datos PNOA-LiDAR

Abstract

Los estudios de (geo)morfología arqueológica han sido fundamentales para conocer la costa y paleoestuarios de Tarteso. A esos estudios, y en la misma temática, este trabajo pretende incorporar el procesado de datos obtenidos desde láser aéreo (LiDAR-PNOA) para los casos concretos del entorno del santuario de Melqart y del “Gadir insular”. Ese procesado genera Modelos Digitales del Terreno (MDT) que permiten aproximarse a la geomorfología histórica de la bahía. Calibrados desde las oscilaciones del nivel del mar desde época fenicia arcaica, esos modelos volumétricos permiten incluso ajustar los condicionantes topográficos de los primeros asentamientos fenicios de Gadeira. Entre otros, se han considerado igualmente en la argumentación los análisis batimétricos y la toponimia antigua como factores determinantes y complementarios. Este trabajo aplica este recurso, por vez primera, para la comprensión de la situación y entorno del santuario de Melqart en el contexto paleotopográfico general de Gadir. El resultado de la documentación combinada que se presenta es la invalidez topográfica del entorno del castillo de Sancti Petri y la propuesta de otra situación para el santuario de Melqart gadirita, llamado posteriormente Hercules Gaditanus a partir de su sincretismo romano

Revealing Archaeological Sites under Mediterranean Forest Canopy Using LiDAR: El Viandar Castle (husum) in El Hoyo (Belmez-Córdoba, Spain)

“…12595-12596) [15] (pp. 22,34) and serving as a basis for the approach of future research [16]. Similar surveys have been performed in Central and South America, as in the case of Kuelap (Perú), where a multifunctional complex was discovered next to a fortress [17,18] (p. 12).…”

“…This non-invasive method facilitates archaeological surveys of sites that would not have been possible by means of a geophysical survey or aerial photography [13] (p. 27). As an example, it is worth mentioning the LiDAR mapping of one of the world's most spectacular landmarks, Angkor Wat (Cambodia), that revealed the existence of roads, walls, and canals, giving rise to the analysis of an entire urban network [14] (p. 12,595-12,596) [15] (p. 22,34) and serving as a basis for the approach of future research [16]. Similar surveys have been performed in Central and South America, as in the case of Kuelap (Perú), where a multifunctional complex was discovered next to a fortress [17,18] (p. 12).…”

“…The research performed in the northwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on the study of megaliths and Roman structures, constitutes one of the most important archives to date due to the volume of data gathered [30]. In Andalusia, several studies have been performed, such as the discovery of the Roman amphitheater of Torreparedones [31], the Roman Corduba to Emerita Road passing through Puente Nuevo [32], the geomorphological analysis of Córdoba capital city [33], and the topographic investigation to eliminate Sancti Petri, in Cádiz, as a Temple of Melqart [34].…”

Lost Landscape: A Combination of LiDAR and APSFR Data to Locate and Contextualize Archaeological Sites in River Environments

“…The combination of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) obtained from the processing and filtering of the point cloud acquired in the LiDAR flight with other tools, such as historical photography or filtering programmes that allow the presence of these anomalies in the terrain to be highlighted by shading, has emphasised the suitability of this technology within the field of archaeology. Its use for detecting sites is widely known [17]; however, there are fewer studies that use it for the topographical characterisation of a terrain or for the reconstruction of the ancient landscape [18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Potential and limitations of LiDAR altimetry in archaeological survey. Copper Age and Bronze Age settlements in southern Iberia

“…The first of them examined an area of the Portuguese Alentejo region and Spanish Extremadura with known fortified sites and ditched enclosures, using 1 m resolution DTM from the LiDAR datasets obtained through the facilities of the Spanish National Geographic Institute (IGN in its Spanish acronym) (Cerrillo‐Cuenca & Bueno Ramírez, 2019). The same IGN data were used to map the topography of Iron Age, Ancient and Medieval Cordoba (Monterroso‐Checa et al, 2021), the amphitheatre of the Roman city of Torreparedones, as well as to suggest a new location for the Phoenician temple of Melkart (Hercules) in San Fernando, Cádiz, combining the laser altimetry with sonar bathymetry produced by the Spanish Oceanography Institute (Monterroso‐Checa, 2017, 2019, 2021). Other very recent examples also include the reconnaisance of 135 Iron Age ‘castros’ (hillforts) in Galicia, including 25 previously unknown ones, with buried features, ditches, pathways, field boundaries and levelled defensive elements (Parcero‐Oubiña, 2021), also a fresh cartography of the pre‐Roman ‘castro’ at Irueña, Salamanca, combining surface surveys with LiDAR and GIS technology (Berrocal‐Rangel et al, 2017) as well as a study of the Roman military presence in the northern fringe of the Duero basin, where 66 new archaeological sites were discovered thanks to the combined use of different remote sensing techniques and open access geospatial datasets, mainly aerial photography, satellite imagery and airborne LiDAR (Menéndez Blanco et al, 2020).…”