“…Adoption is based on an emotional presumption and is the result of a legal judgement. It is seen not only as an alternative to MAP for infertile people (Cepaitiene, 2009; Chateauneuf, 2011, 2012; Lebner, 2000; Melhuus & Howell, 2009; Van den Akker, 2001) but also as a means to assign parental rights to the intended mother or father in step families or in lesbian or homosexual couples (Downs & James, 2006; Goldberg, Moyer, Kinkler, & Richardson, 2012; Matthews & Cramer, 2006). It creates the same rights and obligations as filiation by blood.…”