“…Indigenous-military relations or, more broadly, civil-military relations, can be analyzed, at the national level, through three lenses: rst, the relationships between Indigenous conscripts, volunteers, or military and the Armed Forces as an institution (Canada, 1996(Canada, , 2019bRiseman, 2012Riseman, & 2014Bosa, 2010;Jordens, 1989;MacFarlane & Moses, 2005;Moses, 2000;Moses, Graves & Sinclair, 2004;Sheffi eld, 1996Sheffi eld, & 2007Shewell, 2006;Innes, 2000;Paluszkiewicz-Misiaczek, 2014;Fraser, 2013;Jung, 2007;Scoppio, 2009;Winegard, 2011Winegard, & 2012; second, the relationships between Indigenous civilians and the military units responsible for applying (federal) state policies (Christensen & Sorensen, 2001;De Lint, 2004;Canada, 1996;Mahony, 2001;Trudel, 2009Trudel, & 2010; and, nally, the relationships between Indigenous reservists and the military, for instance within the Canadian Ranger patrols (Griffi ths et al, 2011;Kikkert & Stern, 2017;Lackenbauer, 2006Lackenbauer, , 2011aLackenbauer, ,b & 2013Lackenbauer & Kikkert, 2020;Lackenbauer & Mantle, 2007;Rangers canadiens, 2015;Vullierme, 2018aVullierme, ,b & 2019. is article is centred on the latter.…”