La explotación de variscita en el Sinforme de Terena: el complejo minero de Pico Centeno (Encinasola, Huelva)

Odriozola, Carlos P.; García, Rodrigo Villalobos

doi:10.3989/tp.2015.12158

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…In summary, prehistoric features at PCM2 include an access ramp cut into the rock, a central transit area, and an extraction face with small cavities. These are characterised by concave marks left by the impact of rounded-edged tools (Odriozola and Villalobos García, 2015; and see Craddock, 1995, for a detailed summary of the mining technology). A 2 m deep pit near the access area suggests additional non-prehistoric production, which cut the prehistoric facies, and has marks left on the extraction face by metal tools.…”

Section: Pcm2 Direct Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and chronological framework for Iberian variscite mining and consumption at Pico Centeno, Encinasola, Spain

et al. 2016

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AMS radiocarbon and OSL dating, and profiling were used to directly delimit periods of variscite production at Pico Centeno Mine 2. These results were integrated with analysis of other well-dated periods of variscite production to establish an Iberian-wide chronological framework. Variscite production at Pico Centeno Mine 2 began at ~ 5200 BC, coincident with alpine jade production or Casa Montero Iberian flint production. Variscite was only used occasionally, together with other greenstones, during the 5th and 6th millennia BC. During the 4th millennium BC, variscite use began to increase to its apogee in the first half of 3rd millennium BC when it appeared in nearly every Iberian burial site. This increase in variscite production and use coincided with decline in the popularity of alpine jade. By the end of the 3rd millennium BC, new resources began to be valued such as Asian and African Ivory, Baltic and Sicilian amber, and copper-based metal products. The variscite cycle thus started with the decline of jade in the 5th–4th millennium BC, and ended with the appearance of copper, ivory and extra-peninsular amber by the end of the 3rd millennium BC.

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Section: Pcm2 Direct Datingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and chronological framework for Iberian variscite mining and consumption at Pico Centeno, Encinasola, Spain

et al. 2016

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“…In Europe, turquoise is known as archaeological artifacts (e.g. Errera, 1999;Herbaut & Querré, 2004;Kostov, 2010) as well as in several ancient mines (Odriozola & Villalobos-García, 2015;Villalobos García & Odriozola, 2016).…”

Section: Archaeological Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provenancing turquoise: a difficult task

Queffelec¹

2020

archeosciences

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Turquoise is a blue-green phosphate gem used for millennia in the lapidary artwork of numerous past societies. It was one of the first gemstones, and has proved to be a valuable material that was part of long-distance exchange networks on every continent where it is available. Nonetheless, provenance studies for this material is absent from gemological literature, and scarce in the archaeological literature. This work reviews the mineralogy, geology, geographical and archaeological distribution of this gemstone, and presents different mineralogical, geochemical and spectroscopic approaches used in provenance studies. Sophisticated methods are needed to reconstruct the origin of turquoise and the commercial networks in the ancient times for this lapidary raw material, and we show that, even with these methods, a lot of work still remains to be done.Résumé: La turquoise est un minéral phosphaté bleu-vert, utilisé pour l'art lapidaire depuis des millénaires, dans de nombreuses sociétés du passé. C'est une des premières gemmes utilisées, faisant partie de réseaux d'échange à longue distance sur tous les continents où elle est disponible. Cependant, les études de provenance de ce matériau sont curieusement absentes de la littérature gemmologique, et rares dans la littérature archéologique. Cet article résume ainsi la minéralogie, la géologie, la distribution géographique et archéologique de cette gemme, et présente les différentes approches minéralogiques, géochimiques et spectroscopiques utilisées pour en établir la provenance. L'utilisation de techniques de pointe est nécessaire pour identifier la provenance de ce matériau et comprendre les réseaux commerciaux des temps anciens. Nous montrons également que malgré l'application de ce type de méthodes, beaucoup de travail reste encore à faire.

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Personal body ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An archaeomineralogical study

Odriozola

Enrich

García

et al. 2016

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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Beads and pendants from the Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real) and Cerro Ortega (Villanueva de la Fuente, Ciudad Real) burials were analysed using XRD, micro-Raman and XRF in order to contribute to the current distribution map of green bead body ornament pieces on the Iberian Peninsula which, so far, remain undetailed for many regions. XRD, micro-Raman and XRF analyses showed that most of the beads from Castillejo del Bonete (Late 3rd millennium cal. BC) were made from variscite or green phyllosilicates, while Cerro Ortega's (Late 4th millennium cal. BC) beads were made out of fossil wood or Clinochlore. Significantly enough, while XRD pointed to variscite as the main crystallo-graphic phase, the elemental composition did not match any elemental compositions of known and characterised sources, thus suggesting an unknown south-eastern source or an extra-peninsular origin of these ornamental pieces.

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La explotación de variscita en el Sinforme de Terena: el complejo minero de Pico Centeno (Encinasola, Huelva)

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Distribution and chronological framework for Iberian variscite mining and consumption at Pico Centeno, Encinasola, Spain

Distribution and chronological framework for Iberian variscite mining and consumption at Pico Centeno, Encinasola, Spain

Provenancing turquoise: a difficult task

Personal body ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An archaeomineralogical study

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