La “espera” en la población desplazada de Colombia. Una forma de sufrimiento y dominación social

Abstract

El desplazamiento forzado interno en Colombia es un fenómeno complejo y dramático debido a las dimensiones que ha adquirido, la heterogeneidad de las personas afectadas, sus múltiples causas y perpetradores, la persistencia de los procesos de expulsión, el alto nivel de impunidad y la respuesta insuficiente del Estado. El presente artículo centra su atención en los desplazados como población vulnerada y vulnerable que “espera” la intervención del Estado. De la expectación nace una relación desequilibrada entre el Estado y la población desplazada de tipo acreedor/usuario, donde la espera opera como fuente de sufrimiento social y es una forma de dominación por parte del organismo estatal sobre los desplazados. El análisis de algunos rasgos de la espera y sus implicaciones en la vida de la población desplazada muestran el desarrollo de un proceso en el que las condiciones y circunstancias objetivas de la tragedia vivida se convierten en una sujeción subjetiva. Esto conlleva a la despolitización del desplazamiento forzado interno y a que las víctimas sean rebajadas a actores pasivos que deben aguardar pacientemente la ayuda del Estado para obtener soluciones a su condición de vulnerabilidad.

Turning Work into a Refuge: Job Crafting as Coping with Personal, Grief-Inducing Events

“…In 2021, Colombia began a process to grant them Temporary Protection Status, making Colombia 'an example to the world' according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR-IOM 2021; Rossiasco and de Narva´ez 2023). 5 Despite being the 'model context', significant gaps remain in the implementation of its response to internal displacement (Iba´ñez and Moya 2007;Wong 2008;Iba´ñez 2008;Carr 2009;Ferris 2014;Ruiz Romero 2015;Aparicio 2017;Meza and Ciurlo 2019;Cronin-Furman and Krystalli 2021). This is particularly the case for internally displaced people living in urban settings (Carrillo 2009;Vidal et al 2011;Aysa-Lastra 2011;Sa´nchez-Mojica 2013;Victim's Unit 2021a).…”

Administrating Displaced People in Colombia through Humanitarian Government

“…Regarding the psychosocial assistance of the displaced people in particular and of the victims of the internal conflict in general, several studies in Colombia have evaluated its effectiveness. The results show that the support processes are conditioned in their design and implementation by the institutions that execute them (Arango, 2021) and have a structure which is excessively technical (Villa et al, 2017), legalistic (Castro and Olano, 2018) and bureaucratic (Meza and Ciurlo, 2019), and in many cases the role of the affected communities (Aguilera, 2013) and the intervention contexts (Villa et al, 2017) are unknown due to their marked individualistic accent (Arango, 2021). Nonetheless, these studies also recognise their contribution to the emergence of new political actors and spaces (Villa, 2014).…”

“…Similarly, some research has studied the control devices that the government uses to discipline members of this population and strip them of their citizenshipfor example, the Single Record of Victims (Registro Único de Víctimas, RUV) and selfentrepreneurship projects (Aparicio, 2012). In addition, research indicates how waiting for government responses can lead to passivity and resignation or to forms of resistance (Meza and Ciurlo, 2019;Schouw Iversen, 2021). However, little has been said about the standardisation of these practices.…”

Displacement, time and resistance: The role of waiting in facilitating occupations led by internally displaced persons in Colombia

“…Moreover, such waiting does not necessarily stop after hostilities have ceased; waiting can also permeate post-conflict temporalities (Jaramillo, 2012; Meza and Ciurlo, 2019; Mueller-Hirth, 2018). Post-conflict endeavours are often characterised by a linear temporality, clearly distinguishing a violent past from a peaceful present and future, but violence and processes of marginalisation frequently continue after the formal end of a conflict (Mueller-Hirth, 2017; Mueller-Hirth and Rios Oyola, 2018: 4).…”

“…As put by Paula, ‘What we all have in common is that we go to the Victim’s Unit to run errands and ask for humanitarian aid. So, in this place, we got to know that they were planning to stage the occupation.’ As Raquel related, at the CLAV ‘we got to know various victims of the conflict, like when you go for an appointment, and we started to talk about how the state often doesn’t put itself in your place.’ Instead of generating passivity, as suggested by some (Auyero, 2012, 2021; Hage, 2009; Hyndman and Giles, 2011; Meza and Ciurlo, 2019), waiting brought the families in Montebello together – a group of people who would not have met had it not been for the long waits facing them at the CLAV – and allowed them to organise collectively.…”