L. <i>Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes</i>

Sec., R S Lord Rayleigh

doi:10.1080/14786449608620944

Cited by 342 publications

(137 citation statements)

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“…El cálculo se hace extensivo a valores de fusión parcial comprendidos entre 5 y 25 %, con objeto de cubrir el amplio rango composicional -basanitas, basaltos, toleítas olivínicas-observados en los materiales emitidos durante la erupción de 1730. Sobre los resultados teóricos resultantes de la fusión parcial se superpone un proceso de cristalización fraccionada, según las ecuaciones de Rayleigh (1896) y Arth (1976), que simulan la separación de proporciones variables de olivino, clinopiroxeno y magnetita.…”

Section: Lag Crunclassified

Untitled

Badiola¹,

Gómez²,

Javaloyes³

1990

Estud. geol.

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La erupción ocurrida en Lanzarote entre elide septiembre de 1730 y el 16 de abril de 1736 es por su duración (2.053 días), extensión (200 km 2 ) y volumen (3-5 km 3 ) de materiales emitidos, y longitud de la fisura eruptiva (al menos 14 km), muy diferente del resto de las erupciones históricas de Canarias (últimos 500 años), que presentan estos parámetros con valores muy inferiores. La evolución de los magmas (con claras tendencias toleíticas), es asimismo única en el volcanismo histórico del Archipiélago. No había sido objeto, sin embargo, hasta ahora de un estudio específico que intentara su reconstrucción. Para la elaboración de este trabajo se ha realizado la cartografía geológica y la estratigrafía de detalle (a escala 1:10.(00) de la zona, un amplio estudio petrológico y la correlación con los datos aportados por relatos de testigos oculares, entre ellos un manuscrito inédito. Se han diferenciado las principales fases de actividad, en función de cambios importantes en la composición de los magmas y en la relación con la fractura general que controla la erupción. El estudio petrológico y geoquímico, realizado sobre 51 muestras bien localizadas estratigráfica y temporalmente, muestra importantes cambios en los procesos de generación de los magmas y en el sistema de alimentación interna de la erupción. Los magmas evolucionan desde basanitas nefelínicas a basaltos alcalinos en la fase inicial de la erupción (7 a 12,5 % de fusión), y a partir de la 2.' fase desde basaltos alcalinos hasta toleitas olivínicas (13 a 20 % de fusión), con niveles de generación más superficiales. El modelo resultante del análisis de los elementos traza indica un claro predominio de procesos de fusión parcial. El carácter «anómalo» de esta erupción en relación con el volcanismo histórico de Canarias podría explicarse por la continuación de la erupción una vez finalizada la 1.' fase (unos 3-5 meses), al producirse la elevación y emplazamiento del frente de generación de magma a una profundidad intermedia a favor de una gran fractura. La definición de una serie de posibles escenarios permite simular y evaluar el impacto que la repetición de un fenómeno eruptivo de similares características podría imponer sobre la población e infraestructura actual de la isla. Palabras clave: Volcanismo, erupciones históricas, basanitas, basaltos, toleitas, petrogénesis, fusión parcial, modelo petrológico, riesgo volcánico, Lanzarote, Islas Canarias. ABSTRACTThe eruption that took place in Lanzarote between 1 September 1730 and 16 April1736 differs from the normal pattern of the historic (last 500~ears) volcanism of the Canary Islands. The duration (2.053 days), extension (200 km), volume of materials emitted (3-5 km 3 ) and the evolution of magmas towards olivine tholeiite compositions are quite unique in the historic trend of volcanism in the Archipelago. However, no specific study has been undertaken until now to attempt its reconstruction. In this work the detailed geologic mapping (on a scále 1: 10.(00) of the area was carried out, in addition to a ...

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Section: Lag Crunclassified

Untitled

Badiola¹,

Gómez²,

Javaloyes³

1990

Estud. geol.

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“…Both the trend and the relative magnitude of changes in Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios are consistent with a Rayleigh distillation process in which compositional variability in the coral skeleton is driven primarily by changes in the mass fraction of aragonite precipitated by the coral from an isolated ''batch'' or reservoir of calcifying fluid (hereafter referred to as the ''mass fraction'') Cohen et al, 2006;Gagnon et al, 2007]. The data were modeled using the following solution to the Rayleigh distillation equation [Rayleigh, 1896]:…”

Section: Geochemistry Geophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Rayleigh distillation equation (1) [Rayleigh, 1896] relates the average concentration of an element i in the aragonite (C i Aragonite ) to its concentration in the calcifying fluid as precipitation begins (C i 0 ), the mass fraction of the initial fluid remaining at a given point during aragonite precipitation (FL), and the Nernst aragonite-seawater partition coefficient for element i (D i Aragonite-Seawater ). The Rayleigh equation accurately predicts the coral composition when the mass fraction of aragonite precipitated by the corals (1-FL in equation (1)) decreases from 0.07% to <0.01% as the aragonite saturation state of seawater in the tanks drops from W = 3.71 to W = 0.22. aquarium seawater.…”

Section: Geochemistry Geophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and compositional changes in the skeletons of new coral recruits reared in acidified seawater: Insights into the biomineralization response to ocean acidification

Cohen

McCorkle

Putron

et al. 2009

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

204

163

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[1] We reared primary polyps (new recruits) of the common Atlantic golf ball coral Favia fragum for 8 days at 25°C in seawater with aragonite saturation states ranging from ambient (W = 3.71) to strongly undersaturated (W = 0.22). Aragonite was accreted by all corals, even those reared in strongly undersaturated seawater. However, significant delays, in both the initiation of calcification and subsequent growth of the primary corallite, occurred in corals reared in treatment tanks relative to those grown at ambient conditions. In addition, we observed progressive changes in the size, shape, orientation, and composition of the aragonite crystals used to build the skeleton. With increasing acidification, densely packed bundles of fine aragonite needles gave way to a disordered aggregate of highly faceted rhombs. The Sr/Ca ratios of the crystals, measured by SIMS ion microprobe, increased by 13%, and Mg/Ca ratios decreased by 45%. By comparing these variations in elemental ratios with results from Rayleigh fractionation calculations, we show that the observed changes in crystal morphology and composition are consistent with a >80% decrease in the amount of aragonite precipitated by the corals from each ''batch'' of calcifying fluid. This suggests that the saturation state of fluid within the isolated calcifying compartment, while maintained by the coral at levels well above that of the external seawater, decreased systematically and significantly as the saturation state of the external seawater decreased. The inability of the corals in acidified treatments to achieve the levels of calcifying fluid supersaturation that drive rapid crystal growth could reflect a limit in the amount of energy available for the proton pumping required for calcification. If so, then the future impact of ocean acidification on tropical coral ecosystems may depend on the ability of individuals or species to overcome this limitation and achieve the levels of calcifying fluid supersaturation required to ensure rapid growth.

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“…Cooling occurs by adiabatic expansion as an air mass ascends or by radiative heat loss. It is Rayleigh distillation (Rayleigh, 1896) during rainout of precipitation that gives rise to the global meteoric water line (Dansgaard, 1964):…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Categorisation of northern California rainfall for periods with and without a radar brightband using stable isotopes and a novel automated precipitation collector

Coplen

Neiman²,

White³

et al. 2015

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C Tduring an AR with cold precipitating clouds and very high rainout with tops !6.5 km altitude. An altitude effect of (2.5 per 100 m was measured from BBY and CZD d 2 H VSMOW data and of (1.8 per 100 m for CZD and ATA d 2 H VSMOW data. We present a new approach to categorise rainfall intervals using d 2 H VSMOW values of precipitation and rainfall rates. We term this approach the algorithmic-isotopic categorisation of rainfall, and we were able to identify higher rainout and/or lower rainout periods during all events in this study. We conclude that algorithmic-isotopic categorisation of rainfall can enable users to distinguish between tropospheric vapour masses having relatively high rainout (typically with brightband rain and that commonly are ARs) and vapour masses having lower rainout (commonly with non-brightband rain).

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L. Theoretical considerations respecting the separation of gases by diffusion and similar processes

Cited by 342 publications

References 0 publications

Untitled

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Morphological and compositional changes in the skeletons of new coral recruits reared in acidified seawater: Insights into the biomineralization response to ocean acidification

Categorisation of northern California rainfall for periods with and without a radar brightband using stable isotopes and a novel automated precipitation collector

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