L-form switching confers antibiotic, phage and stress tolerance in pathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Ap, Fabijan; Kamruzzaman, Muhammad; Martínez-Martín, David; Venturini, Carola; Mickiewicz, Katarzyna; Flores‐Rodriguez, Neftali; Errington, Jeff; Iredell,

doi:10.1101/2021.06.21.449206

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…CWD variants of pathogenic E. coli strains similarly demonstrated upregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress responses and DNA repair/SOS response, and the CWD forms were shown to be resistant to oxidative stress [117]. RNA-seq analysis of Staphylococcus aureus CWD cells indicated genes involved in energy metabolism, stress responses, protein synthesis and virulence were upregulated [27].…”

Section: Requirements For Survival As a Cwd Variantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, aerobic growth of CWD E. coli could be achieved in the presence of a ROS scavenger [116]. It has also been observed that E. coli isolates induced to a transient CWD state with meropenem varied, with three of four isolates tested having an upregulation of ElaB, an inner membrane protein regulated by RpoS and associated with protection against oxidative stress [117]. The isolate without elevated ElaB was still resistant to oxidative stress, suggesting an alternate pathway is used to protect against oxidative stress in this strain [117].…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been observed that E. coli isolates induced to a transient CWD state with meropenem varied, with three of four isolates tested having an upregulation of ElaB, an inner membrane protein regulated by RpoS and associated with protection against oxidative stress [117]. The isolate without elevated ElaB was still resistant to oxidative stress, suggesting an alternate pathway is used to protect against oxidative stress in this strain [117]. This could indicate that these strains have alternative mechanisms to cope with oxidative stress and the loss of cell wall can be accommodated by species-specific and strain-specific stress responses.…”

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, from the very early days of research into CWD bacteria, bacteriophage treatment has been reported to induce CWD forms [61,62]. A recent study found that E. coli strains that were exposed to meropenem to induce the formation of CWD cells were able to resist the action of bacteriophages [117]. Therefore, similar issues with CWD transition and reversion to escape phage attack could be expected.…”

Section: Implications Of Transient Cwd Bacteria In Antibiotic Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study found that E. coli strains that were exposed to meropenem to induce the formation of CWD cells were able to resist the action of bacteriophages [117]. Therefore, similar issues with CWD transition and reversion to escape phage attack could be expected.…”

Section: Implications Of Transient Cwd Bacteria In Antibiotic Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell wall deficiency – an alternate bacterial lifestyle?

Lazenby

Whitchurch

2022

Microbiology

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Historically, many species of bacteria have been reported to produce viable, cell wall deficient (CWD) variants. A variety of terms have been used to refer to CWD bacteria and a plethora of methods described in which to induce, cultivate and propagate them. In this review, we will examine the long history of scientific research on CWD bacteria examining the methods by which CWD bacteria are generated; the requirements for survival in a CWD state; the replicative processes within a CWD state; and the reversion of CWD bacteria into a walled state, or lack thereof. In doing so, we will present evidence that not all CWD variants are alike and that, at least in some cases, CWD variants arise through an adaptive lifestyle switch that enables them to live and thrive without a cell wall, often to avoid antimicrobial activity. Finally, the implications of CWD bacteria in recurring infections, tolerance to antibiotic therapy and antimicrobial resistance will be examined to illustrate the importance of greater understanding of the CWD bacteria in human health and disease.

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Section: Requirements For Survival As a Cwd Variantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications Of Transient Cwd Bacteria In Antibiotic Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Implications Of Transient Cwd Bacteria In Antibiotic Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell wall deficiency – an alternate bacterial lifestyle?

Lazenby

Whitchurch

2022

Microbiology

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Two novel phages, Klebsiella phage GADU21 and Escherichia phage GADU22, from the urine samples of patients with urinary tract infection

Salih Doğan,

Karaynir,

Yilmaz

et al. 2024

Virus Genes

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Streptomycesdevelopment is involved in the efficient containment of viral infections

et al. 2023

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The formation of plaques represents the hallmark of phage infection visualizing the clearance of the bacterial lawn in structured environments. In this study, we have addressed the impact of cellular development on phage infection in Streptomyces undergoing a complex developmental life cycle. Analysis of plaque dynamics revealed, after a period of plaque size enlargement, a significant regrowth of transiently phage-resistant Streptomyces mycelium into the lysis zone. Analysis of Streptomyces venezuelae mutant strains defective at different stages of cellular development indicated that this regrowth was dependent on the onset of the formation of aerial hyphae and spores at the infection interface. Mutants restricted to vegetative growth (ΔbldN) featured no significant constriction of plaque area. Fluorescence microscopy further confirmed the emergence of a distinct zone of cells/spores with reduced cell permeability towards propidium iodide staining at the plaque periphery. Mature mycelium was further shown to be significantly less susceptible to phage infection, which is less pronounced in strains defective in cellular development. Transcriptome analysis revealed the repression of cellular development at the early stages of phage infection probably facilitating efficient phage propagation. We further observed an induction of the chloramphenicol biosynthetic gene cluster highlighting phage infection as a trigger of cryptic metabolism in Streptomyces. Altogether, our study emphasizes cellular development and the emergence of transient phage resistance as an important layer of Streptomyces antiviral immunity.

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L-form switching confers antibiotic, phage and stress tolerance in pathogenic Escherichia coli

Cited by 7 publications

References 41 publications

Cell wall deficiency – an alternate bacterial lifestyle?

Cell wall deficiency – an alternate bacterial lifestyle?

Two novel phages, Klebsiella phage GADU21 and Escherichia phage GADU22, from the urine samples of patients with urinary tract infection

Streptomycesdevelopment is involved in the efficient containment of viral infections

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