L-Carnitine and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Comprehensive Review on Nutrition and Health Perspectives

Abstract

Progressive segmental glomerulosclerosis is acknowledged as a characteristic of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). It is a major health issue that exponentially reduces health and economy and also causes serious morbidity and mortality across the globe. This review is aimed at comprehending the health perspectives of L-Carnitine (LC) as an adjuvant regimen for alleviating CKD and its associated complications. The data were gathered from different online databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, ACS publication, PubMed, Springer, etc., using keywords such as CKD/Kidney disease, current epidemiology and its prevalence, LC supplementations, sources of LC, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of LC and its supplementation for mimicking the CKD and its associated problem, etc. Various items of literature concerning CKD were gathered and screened by experts based on their inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings suggest that, among the different comorbidities such as oxidative stress and inflammatory stress, erythropoietin-resistant anemia, intradialytic hypotension, muscle weakness, myalgia, etc., are considered as the most significant onset symptoms in CKD or hemodialysis patients. LC or creatine supplementation provides an effective adjuvant or therapeutic regimen that significantly reduces oxidative and inflammatory stress and erythropoietin-resistant anemia and evades comorbidities such as tiredness, impaired cognition, muscle weakness, myalgia, and muscle wasting. However, no significant changes were found in biochemical alteration such as creatinine, uric acid, urea, etc., after creatine supplementation in a patient with renal dysfunction. The expert-recommended dose of LC or creatine to a patient is approached for better outcomes of LC as a nutritional therapy regimen for CKD-associated complications. Hence, it can be suggested that LC provides an effective nutritional therapy to ameliorate impaired biochemicals and kidney function and to treat CKD and its associated complications.

Integrating Genome Sequencing and Untargeted Metabolomics in Monozygotic Twins with a Rare Complex Neurological Disorder

“…Previous studies have revealed communication between the gut microbiota and their associated metabolites with the host’s kidneys and brain through the microbiota–gut–kidney, and gut–brain axes, highlighting the potential influence of the microbiome on the phenotype of the twins [ 39 , 40 ]. Kidney dysfunction was supported by the low levels of carnitine, urate, and creatinine and elevated sedoheptulose (rare metabolite) in Subject 1 [ 41 , 42 ]. Interestingly, we observed a dysregulation in microbiota-associated metabolites, specifically trimethylamine N-oxide and 4-methylcatechol sulfate, which were significantly downregulated, and bile acid was dysregulated [ 43 , 44 ].…”

L-carnitine and Ginkgo biloba Supplementation In Vivo Ameliorates HCD-Induced Steatohepatitis and Dyslipidemia by Regulating Hepatic Metabolism

“…These results align with a study by Tousson et al [26], which demonstrated a significant decrease in MDA levels and an increase in SOD and CAT activities in the kidneys of rats treated with GB and LC compared with those of control rats. Sharma and Yadav [65] suggested that LC is a successful dietary treatment for improving weakened biochemicals and renal function in chronic kidney disorders. LC and GB have potent protective and therapeutic effects against pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy by addressing antiepileptic actions and oxidative imbalances [27,28].…”

Involuntary Falls in Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases on Nephrology Wards: Research Advances and Future Perspectives

“…By enhancing nutritional status and providing adequate nutritional support, the risk of falls among hospitalized patients can be mitigated. 71 However, dietary considerations specific to CKD patients must be accounted for. Certain nutrients such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus may require restriction based on the patient's specific condition.…”

“…Certain nutrients such as sodium, potassium, and phosphorus may require restriction based on the patient's specific condition. 71 Patients experiencing malnutrition or muscle weakness may necessitate additional protein supplementation. However, it is crucial to supplement protein intake with high-quality protein to prevent proteinuria.…”