L-Arginine and L-Citrulline in Sports Nutrition and Health

Botchlett, Rachel; Lawler, John M.; Wu, Guoyao

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396454-0.00045-x

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In addition to the effect on NO, the CIT has been found to stimulate muscle protein synthesis by activating mTOR through the PI3K/MAPK/4E-BP1 pathway [ 71 ] and by increasing ARG production, which promotes growth hormone secretion [ 72 ]. Likewise, increased ARG production will improve intramuscular creatine levels, which will also allow an increase in phosphocreatine reserves, contributing to energy supply through a more efficient ATP regeneration and lowering fatigue, resulting in a decrease in EIMD after a high-demanding training [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Combined Effects of Citrulline and Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Recovery Status in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Burgos

Viribay

Calleja-González

et al. 2022

Biology

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Citrulline (CIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BR) are widely studied ergogenic aids. Nevertheless, both supplements have been studied in short-term trials and separately. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the effects of combining CIT and BR supplementation on recovery status observed by distance covered in the Cooper test, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and anabolic/catabolic hormone status have not been investigated to date. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to assess the effect of the long-term (9 weeks) mixture of 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of nitrates (NO3−)) supplementation on recovery by distance covered in the Cooper test, EIMD markers (urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK) and anabolic/catabolic hormones (testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C)) in male trained triathletes. Thirty-two triathletes were randomized into four different groups of eight triathletes in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: placebo group (PLG), CIT group (CITG; 3 g/day of CIT), BR group (BRG; 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3−)) and CIT-BR group (CIT-BRG; 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3−)). Distance covered in the Cooper test and blood samples were collected from all participants at baseline (T1) and after 9 weeks of supplementation (T2). There were no significant differences in the interaction between group and time in EIMD markers (urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH and CK) (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in the group-by-time interaction in distance covered in the Cooper test (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418), cortisol (p = 0.044; η2p = 0.247) and T/C (p = 0.005; η²p = 0.359). Concretely, significant differences were observed in distance covered in the Cooper test percentage of change (p = 0.002; η²p = 0.418) between CIT-BRG and PLG and CITG, in cortisol percentage change (p = 0.049; η2p = 0.257) and in T/C percentage change (p = 0.018; η2p = 0.297) between CIT-BRG and PLG. In conclusion, the combination of 3 g/day of CIT plus 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3−) supplementation for 9 weeks did not present any benefit for EIMD. However, CIT + BR improved recovery status by preventing an increase in cortisol and showing an increase in distance covered in the Cooper test and T/C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Combined Effects of Citrulline and Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Recovery Status in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Burgos

Viribay

Calleja-González

et al. 2022

Biology

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“…Whether NO plays a protective or detrimental role in muscle mass regulation depends on its quantitative effect and spatial distribution in the skeletal muscle cells. When considering dietary and pharmacological interventions, L‐arginine or citrulline supplementation as substrates for nNOS and eNOS would favorably enhance NOS activity where it is normally located …”

Section: Prolonged Skeletal Muscle Inactivitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mass and the contribution of nitric oxide: A review

et al. 2019

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A variety of internal and external factors such as exercise, nutrition, inflammation, and cancer‐associated cachexia affect the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. Because skeletal muscle functions as a crucial regulator of whole body metabolism, rather than just as a motor for locomotion, the enhancement and maintenance of muscle mass and function are required to maintain health and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with diseases involving muscle wasting. Recent studies in this field have made tremendous progress; therefore, identification of the mechanisms that regulate skeletal muscle mass is necessary for the physical and nutritional management of both athletes and patients with muscle wasting disease. In this review, we present an overall picture of the interactions regulating skeletal muscle mass, particularly focusing on the insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I)/insulin‐Akt‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, skeletal muscle inactivity, and endurance and resistance exercise. We also discuss the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to the regulation of skeletal muscle mass based on the current knowledge of the novel role of NO in these processes.

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“…One of the popular nutritional supplements is L-Arg, which is reported to have potentially beneficial effects on athletic performance and health in general [16]. It has been previously established that L-Arg's key roles in the health and upkeep of cardiac and skeletal muscles are important in the regulation of homeostasis and hemodynamics of the body [16,33], including its mediation of creatine synthesis and growth hormone release [34]. These parameters, in addition to the requirement of L-Arg for NO production, outline the integral role of L-Arg in vascular function, and skeletal muscle maintenance [34].…”

Section: L-argininementioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological Effects of Amino Acids Arginine and Citrulline: Is There a Basis for Development of a Beverage to Promote Endurance Performance? A Narrative Review of Orally Administered Supplements

et al. 2020

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Nutritional and ergogenic aid supplementation is prevalent within athletic or general fitness populations, and is only continuing to gain momentum. Taken in isolation or as a combination, amino acid (AA) supplementation has the potential to increase endurance performance among other benefits. L-Arginine (L-Arg) and L-Citrulline (L-Cit) are two AAs proposed to increase endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, with potential additional physiological benefits, and therefore may contribute to enhanced performance outcomes such as increased power output, or time to exhaustion. However, the appropriate dose for promoting physiological and performance benefits of these AAs, and their potential synergistic effects remains to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the varied concentrations used in the current literature, assess the effects of L-Arg and L-Cit in combination on physiological responses and endurance performance, and consider if there is a fundamental basis for providing these supplements in the form of a beverage. A total of six studies were considered eligible for the review which utilized a range of 3–8 g of the AA constituents. The findings support the notion that supplementing with a combination of L-Arg and L-Cit may increase NO production, enhance vasodilation, and therefore increase performance capacity in athletes. A beverage as a carrier for the two AAs is worth considering; however, there remains limited research assessing these outcomes across a consistent range of concentrations in order to see their full potential.

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L-Arginine and L-Citrulline in Sports Nutrition and Health

Cited by 5 publications

References 71 publications

Long-Term Combined Effects of Citrulline and Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Recovery Status in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Long-Term Combined Effects of Citrulline and Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Recovery Status in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mass and the contribution of nitric oxide: A review

The Physiological Effects of Amino Acids Arginine and Citrulline: Is There a Basis for Development of a Beverage to Promote Endurance Performance? A Narrative Review of Orally Administered Supplements

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