L(+) and D(-) Lactate Are Increased in Plasma and Urine Samples of Type 2 Diabetes as Measured by a Simultaneous Quantification of L(+) and D(-) Lactate by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

<jats:p><jats:italic>Background</jats:italic>. Plasma and urinary levels of D-lactate have been linked to the presence of diabetes. Previously developed techniques have shown several limitations to further evaluate D-lactate as a biomarker for this condition.<jats:italic>Methods</jats:italic>. D- and L-lactate were quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with labelled internal standard. Samples were derivatized with diacetyl-L-tartaric anhydride and separated on a C<jats:sub>18</jats:sub>-reversed phase column. D- and L-lactate were analysed in plasma and urine of controls, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).<jats:italic>Results</jats:italic>. Quantitative analysis of D- and L-lactate was achieved successfully. Calibration curves were linear (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>r</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.99</mml:mn></mml:math>) over the physiological and pathophysiological ranges. Recoveries for urine and plasma were between 96% and 113%. Inter- and intra-assay variations were between 2% and 9%. The limits of detection of D-lactate and L-lactate in plasma were 0.7 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:math>mol/L and 0.2 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:math>mol/L, respectively. The limits of detection of D-lactate and L-lactate in urine were 8.1 nmol/mmol creatinine and 4.4 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively. Plasma and urinary levels of D- and L-lactate were increased in patients with IBD and T2DM as compared with controls.<jats:italic>Conclusion</jats:italic>. The presented method proved to be suitable for the quantification of D- and L-lactate and opens the possibility to explore the use of D-lactate as a biomarker.</jats:p>

Electrochemical lactate biosensor based upon chitosan/carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed graphite electrodes for the determination of lactate in embryonic cell cultures

“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Gómez-Mingot et al 2012), mass spectrometry (MS) (Scheijen et al 2012) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , are well established techniques employed for the detection and quantification of lactate present in human embryo culture cells and generally biological systems; however, such techniques are costly and possess the inability for real-time or in-situ measurements.…”

Early pregnancy urinary biomarkers of fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes

“…In another study of 263 non-obese (BMI approximately 24 kg/m 2 ) Asian–Indian and Chinese men, Tai et al [21] reported that pyruvate and lactate concentrations were increased in urine in the high-HOMA individuals of both ethnic groups; these changes were accompanied by significant increases in blood lactate concentrations as a function of HOMA, again in both ethnic groups. This is potentially exaggerated in T2DM patients [23]. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a classic ketone body found alongside acetone and acetoacetate.…”

“…Furthermore, some [18–23], but not all, studies [14] of organic acid profiles among humans have documented alterations of circulating or urinary organic profiles associated with insulin resistance, hyperglycemia or type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Some investigators have suggested that quantitative profiling of organic acids in urine may be a simple, sensitive test that can reveal evidence of functional inadequacy of specific nutrients for laboratory evaluations in insulin resistance and T2DM [21].…”

Evolving Evidence of Methylglyoxal and Dicarbonyl Stress Related Diseases from Diabetic to Non-Diabetic Models

“…Urine d-lactate, the metabolite of MGO excreted in urine, may proxy for MGO and carbonyl stress, and it may be considered an early marker of diabetic injury [37]. The analytical methods used in the determination of d-lactate use HPLC [37] and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry [73]. However, a newly developed d-lactate assay system, using d-lactate dehydrogenase to catalyze d-lactate and detect the catalysis with a UV-light-emitting diode, was reported recently [74].…”