Effects of pimaric acid (PiMA) and eight closely related compounds on large-conductance K ϩ (BK) channels were examined using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, in which either the ␣ subunit of BK channel (HEKBK␣) or both ␣ and 1 (HEKBK␣1) subunits were heterologously expressed. Effects of these compounds (10 M) on the membrane potential of HEKBK␣1 were monitored by use of DiBAC 4 (3), a voltagesensitive dye. PiMA, isopimaric acid, sandaracoisopimaric acid, dihydropimaric acid, dihydroisopimaric acid, and dihydroisopimarinol induced substantial membrane hyperpolarization. The direct measurement of BK␣1 opening under whole-cell voltage clamp showed that these six compounds activated BK␣1 in a very similar concentration range (1-10 M); in contrast, abietic acid, sclareol, and methyl pimarate had no effect. PiMA did not affect the charybdotoxin-induced block of macroscopic BK␣1 current. Single channel recordings of BK␣1 in insideout patches showed that 10 M PiMA did not change channel conductance but significantly increased its open probability as a result of increase in sensitivity to Ca 2ϩ and voltage. Because coexpression of the 1 subunit did not affect PiMA-induced potentiation, the site of action for PiMA is suggested to be BK␣ subunit. PiMA was selective to BK over cloned small and intermediate Ca 2ϩ activated K ϩ channels. In conclusion, PiMA (Ͼ1 M) increases Ca 2ϩ and voltage-sensitivity of BK␣ when applied from either side of the cell membrane. The marked difference in potency as BK channel openers between PiMA and abietic acid, despite only very small differences in their chemical structures, may provide insight into the fundamental structure-activity relationship governing BK␣ activation.