Kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite deposits of the southeastern States

Abstract

Introduction _ __ ___ 3 Previous studies ___.__ 3 Present investigation _ _ 4 Acknowledgments _________________________________________ 4 Regional geology ____________ 4 Geology of the deposits...___________________________________________________ 5 Deposits in quartzose rocks _________________ 7 Kyanite-quartz deposits. ._._ __ ____ _________________ 8 Petrography and chemistry_ __________________ 8 Sillimanite-quartz deposits _________________________________ 14 Andalusite-pyrophyllite-quartz deposits ______. 15 Deposits in micaceous schists and gneisses__-_________. 16 Kyanite schist and gneiss _____ ______________________ 16 Sillimanite schist and gneiss_________________ ______________ 17 Deposits in quartz veins and pegmatites-_.-_____-_ _____ 18 Residual deposits and placers. ______________________________ 18 Origin-__-__-__ _-________________________ ______.__________________. __________ 19 General considerations 19 Origin of Southeastern deposits ________________________ 22 Kyanite group minerals in micaceous schists and gneisses, quartz veins, and pegmatites 22 Kyanite group minerals in quartzose deposits 24 Metamorphosed high-alumina sedimentary rocks _ __ ______ 24 Replacement deposits _______________________________ 25 Relation of high-alumina quartzose deposits to volcanism. _ ___________________ 26 Origin of high-alumina quartzose deposits in other regions... ______________________________________ 27 Economic considerations _.._ ___ __________________________________ 29 Uses of kyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite____________ 29 History of mining.

Geochemical reconnaissance using heavy minerals from small streams in central South Carolina

“…(1.2 em) in diameter. Espenshade and Potter (1960) consider the deposits of highaluminum minerals to be replacement deposits in rock probably hydrothermally altered, perhaps by solfataric activity associated with volcanism, and later subjected to regional metamorphism. Kesler (1972) also attributes these rocks to hot spring activity which produced siliceous sinter and kaolin in an area of volcanism.…”

Titanium mineral resources in heavy-mineral sands in the Atlantic coastal plain of the southeastern United States

“…Bedrock in this region, with contributions from the Appalachian Mountains farther west, have served for millennia as sources of detrital ilmenite, rutile, zircon, and other heavy minerals to the coastal plain. Extensive areas of the Piedmont region and the Appalachians contain rock types that are permissive as sources of ilmenite and rutile, including moderate-to high-grade metamorphic rocks (Espenshade and Potter, 1960), as well as several varieties of igneous intrusions ( fig. 7).…”

Bedrock geology and mineral resources of the Knoxville 1° x 2° quadrangle, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina

“…In the Southeastern United States, members of the kyanite group occur in several types of deposits: quartzose rock, micaceous schist and gneiss, quartz veins and pegmatites, and stream and beach placers (Espenshade and Potter, 1960;Espenshade, 1962). The kyanite group of minerals is most abundant in quartzose deposits and in some micaceous schist and gneiss.…”