Kultur Antera untuk Percepatan Perakitan Varietas Padi di Indonesia

Abstract

<p>Rice is a staple<br />food crop in Indonesia, while the need is increasing due to<br />high rice consumption as well as population increase. The<br />problems can be solved through increase of national rice<br />production. Productivity of lowland and upland should be<br />increased intensively and other potential dry area outside<br />Java and Bali Islands should be considered for extending the<br />area of production. Recently, high yielding variety such as<br />semi dwarf variety, hybrid rice, and new plant type of rice<br />were being developed by Indonesian breeders. However,<br />new method is needed to complement conventional<br />breeding method in order to accelerate rice breeding.<br />Anther culture is one of in vitro culture techniques that can<br />be used to accelerate the obtainment of pure lines through<br />doubled-haploids (DHs) regenerated at first generation of<br />culture for less than one year. Thus, application of anther<br />culture in conventional breeding will increase the efficiency<br />of selection process as well as reducing the cost for labour,<br />land and breeder’s time. The obtainment of green plantlets<br />derived from anther culture of indica rice subspecies has<br />been improved by the addition of 1 mM putrescine into<br />induction and regeneration media. Recently, several upland<br />rice lines tolerant to abiotic stresses (i.e. low light intensity<br />and aluminum toxicity) and biotic stresses (i.e. leaf and<br />neck blast), several lowland rice/paddy lines tolerant to<br />biotic stresses (i.e. bacterial leaf blight and blast), and<br />several hybrid parental lines (i.e. male sterile, maintainer<br />and restorer) were obtained in 2-3 years from several rice<br />breeding program involving anther culture. However,<br />potential use anther culture to provide unique genetic<br />material for mapping populations for use in functional<br />genomics and molecular breeding has not been explored.<br />The results indicated that anther culture is a feasible<br />technology that can be used for accelerating rice breeding<br />program in Indonesia.</p>

Response of Anther Donor Genotypes (F1) from Indica x Indica Crosses to Rice Anther Culture

“…In this research, DH plants were identified through their phenotypic performance. Compared to DH plants, haploid plants was shorter with smaller and narrower leaves, sterile panicle, no ligule and auricle (Sah and Niroula 2007;Herawati et al 2008;Safitri et al 2010;Dewi and Purwoko 2012). DH 0 obtained from this experiment were 73 lines or approximately 38.8% from the total survivor plants.…”

“…deletions in plastid DNA, mutations in genes responsible for chlorophyll biogenesis, a metabolic block in pathways leading to chlorophyll biosynthesis, or an impaired photosynthetic apparatus leading to photo-bleaching (Yao and Cohen 2000;Dewi and Purwoko 2008;Dewi and Purwoko 2012;Makowska and Oleszczuk 2014). Albinism reducing efficiency of green plantlets production and may be the cause of low adoption of anther culture technique for rice breeding (Dewi et al 2009;Kumari et al 2009).…”

“…The advantage of rice anther culture in producing pure line in one generation of culture due to chromosome doubling that can be spontaneously achieved during culture. Thus, the anther culture technique can be readily incorporated into the rice breeding program (Dewi and Purwoko 2012). From this experiment all green plantlets (265 green plantlets) were acclimatized and the surviving plants (188 plants) were planted in the green house (Table 4).…”

“…Compared to that long process in conventional breeding, androgenic spontaneous doubled haploid or dihaploid (DH) plants resulted from rice anther culture is readily available to be used as pure lines at the first generation of culture (DH 0 ). These pure lines are highly homozygous and can be readily selected as materials suitable for variety development in rice breeding programs (Dewi and Purwoko 2012;Datta 2014;Mishra and Rao 2016;Akhmadi et al 2017;Anshori et al 2018). Thus, incorporation of anther culture into rice breeding program would be an advantage because it reduced the time, costs, and labours (Germana, 2017;Hidayatullah et al 2018).…”

“…Most of the breeding programmes in the tropics, including Indonesia, utilized rice subspecies indica for rice variety development (Dewi et al 2009;Dewi and Purwoko 2012;Khush 2013). Unfortunately, rice subspecies indica was known as a recalcitrant genotype that exhibits poorer androgenic response than that of japonica due to early anther necrosis, poor callus proliferation, and high albino plant regeneration (Chen et al 1991).…”