Kristiansenite, a new calcium-scandium-tin sorosilicate from granite pegmatite in Tørdal, Telemark, Norway

Raade, Gunnar; Ferraris, Giovanni; Gula, Angela; Ivaldi, Gabriella; Bernhard, Franz

doi:10.1007/s007100200017

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This is probably what drove the Sc budget in the Kiviniemi ferrodiorite magma. However, the lack of specific Sc-minerals in Kiviniemi also indicates higher crystallization pressure and temperature than in common pegmatite systems, in which most known Sc-minerals are found (e.g., Bernhard 2001;Raade et al 2002).…”

Section: Scandium In the Kiviniemi Ferrodiorite Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abundance of Sc is, on average, 30-40 ppm in mafic rocks and less than 20 ppm in felsic rocks (Norman and Haskin 1968). Nine specific Sc-minerals have been documented; six of them are silicates (thortveitite, scandiobabingtonite, kristiansenite, bazzite, jervisite, and cascandite) and three are phosphates (juonniite, pretulite, and kolbeckite), and are typically found in hydrothermal vein systems and carbonatite complexes (Neumann 1961;Postl 1981;Mellini et al 1982;Bergstøl and Juve 1988;Liferovich et al 1998;Bernhard et al 1998;Orlandi et al 1998;Raade et al 2002). Globally, economic-scale scandium deposits are mainly related to laterites and placers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graniterelated hydrothermal veins and metasomatic rocks such as albitite, greisen, and skarn are considered as the main hosts to Sc deposits. Rare Sc-silicates and phosphates as well as paragenetic Sc-rich heavy minerals have been documented from pegmatites and veins (Bergstøl and Juve 1988;Bernhard et al 1998;Raade et al 2002;Pezzotta et al 2005). Several minerals, including aegirine, are known to enrich Sc during the formation of REE-deposits (Shimazaki et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Petrography, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Sc-enriched Kiviniemi ferrodiorite intrusion, eastern Finland

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Kiviniemi mafic intrusion, near the eastern margin of the Paleoproterozoic Central Finland Granitoid Complex, is both spatially and temporally associated with post-kinematic Fe-TiP enriched Svecofennian orogenic mafic magmatism. The main rock types in this small (~15 ha) intrusion are garnet-bearing fayalite ferrodiorite, leucoferrodiorite, ferromonzodiorite, and pyroxene diorite. The garnet-bearing fayalite ferrodiorite and leucoferrodiorite contain 50-281 ppm Sc, 275-5600 ppm Zr, and 58-189 ppm Y (n = 42), delineating a mineralized deposit some 2.5 ha in extent. Overall, these rocks show an evolved (ironenriched) tholeiitic character; low values of Ni (< 20-40 ppm), Cr (< 20 ppm), and Cu (< 20-80 ppm); and high contents of Zn (213-700 ppm). The rock-forming minerals in the ferrodioritic rocks are (ferro)hedenbergite, plagioclase (~An 40), ferropargasite and ferroedenite, almandine garnet, and fayalite (Fo 1-4). Accessory minerals include zircon, ilmenite, fluorapatite, biotite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, potassium feldspar, grunerite, and clinoferrosilite. Some relict cumulate textures have been preserved, but primary magmatic features have largely been overprinted by strong recrystallization and corona formation. The main carriers of Sc are amphibole, clinopyroxene, and apatite. The remarkably strong enrichment of Sc in ferromagnesian silicates and apatite, rather than in specific Sc-minerals, implies magmatic enrichment. Post-kinematic mafic intrusions in central Finland constitute a bimodal association with co-existing granitoid counterparts. The Kiviniemi mafic intrusion is associated with a coarse megacrystic granite and the two rock type display mingled contacts, indicative of contemporaneity of the two magmas. This conclusion is in accord with the coincident U-Pb zircon ages for the ferrodiorite, at 1857 ± 2 Ma (multigrain ID-TIMS) and the megacrystic granite, at 1860 ± 7 Ma (single-crystal LA-MC-ICP-MS). The initial εNd value of the ferrodiorite and the granite are + 0.1 and − 2.5, respectively. These Nd isotope compositions probably reflect a chondritic mantle source for the ferrodiorite and suggest incorporation of some Archaean crustal material into the granite in the course of magmatic evolution. The resource estimation calculated for Kiviniemi intrusion by using 40 g/t Sc cut off value is 13.4 Mt of rock with an average grade of 162.7 g/t scandium, 1726 g/t zirconium, and 81 g/t yttrium.

show abstract

Section: Scandium In the Kiviniemi Ferrodiorite Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Petrography, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Sc-enriched Kiviniemi ferrodiorite intrusion, eastern Finland

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, much of the Sc is entrapped as a minor constituent of main magmatic phases, substituting for Fe 2+ , Mg, and Ca (Norman and Haskin 1968), following not yet well understood crystallochemical factors. Nevertheless, Sc doesnʼt follow the Goldschmidt (1937) rule, as pointed out in Norman and Haskin (1968); indeed, "anomalous" incompatible behavior is documented in carbonatites (e.g., Eby 1973;Åmli 1977;Liferovich et al 1998) andin granitic pegmatites (e.g., Behier 1960;Bergstøl and Juve 1988;Foord et al 1993;Ercit 1994;Gramaccioli et al 1998;Černý 1998, Wise et al 1998;Raade et al 2002). In pegmatites, Sc concentrates during crystallization in the most evolved portion of the dikes, forming Sc silicates or phosphates and/or Sc-rich, Nb-Ta oxides (e.g., Novák and Čech 1995;Novák and Černý 1998;Aurisicchio et al 1999, and unpublished data of the authors about Nb-Ta oxides in Malagasy pegmatites of the Sahatany and Vorondolo area).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Scandium silicates from the Baveno and Cuasso al Monte NYF-granites, Southern Alps (Italy): Mineralogy and genetic inferences

Pezzotta

Diella

Guastoni

2005

American Mineralogist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent studies (e.g., Gramaccioli et al. 2000a and references therein) suggest that the formation of fl uoride complexes plays an important role in the transport and enrichment of Sc, Y, and the lanthanides in fl uids. However, many problems still exist in our understanding of the geochemical behavior of such elements * ABSTRACT A chemical and paragenetic study has been performed on Sc silicates and Sc-bearing beryl occurring in Hercynian NYF-miarolitic pink granite and granophyric leucogranite at Baveno and Cuasso al Monte, Western Southern-Alps, Italy. In the Baveno and Cuasso al Monte plutons, detailed fi eld work allowed the discovery of a signifi cant number of crystals of bazzite, thortveitite, scandiobabingtonite, cascandite, and jervisite representative of all the known morphological and color varieties of these minerals in the two localities. Other studied samples belong to the historic collections of the Natural History Museum of Milan.Except for beryl, which crystallizes relatively early in aplitic granophyre, all the other Sc minerals crystallize as late-stage phases in cavities associated with fl uorite. Chemical analyses reveal moderate Sc enrichment at the rim of beryl crystals. Bazzite displays a relatively large chemical variation, from "primitive" compositions enriched in Fe 2 O 3 and Al 2 O 3 , to "highly evolved" compositions with values of Sc 2 O 3 up to 17.54 wt%. Scandiobabingtonite shows a perfect inverse correlation between Fe 3+ and Sc concentrations, suggesting complete solid solution between babingtonite and its Sc analogues. A wide variety of compositions have been determined for cascandite, signifi cantly extending the compositional range of this mineral. In particular, the MnO content ranges from 0.37 to 4.87 wt%. The jervisite crystals analyzed in this work have rather homogeneous compositions much closer to the end-member if compared with the holotype analysis reported in literature. Thortveitite shows a wide range of compositions with variation in Sc 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , HREE, and Fe 2 O 3 . Signifi cant fl uctuations of the Sc/Yb ratios are in agreement with similar complex variations in the ratios between REE (e.g., Y/Dy) reported in the literature for crystals of gadolinite-group minerals from the same localities.Two different genetic models are discussed to explain the precipitation of Sc silicates as late stage phases in cavities. (1) during the latest stages of magma crystallization, HFSE and Sc were extracted from the silicate liquid and partitioned into fl uids due to the complexing effect of F. Indeed, in view of the NYF geochemistry of the granite and the signifi cant abundance of the associated F-bearing minerals, fl uorides (but not other complexing agents such as carbonates and phosphates) played the major role in concentrating HFSE and Sc. In cavities, such elements resulted in a series of rare accessory phases when F was extracted from fl uids because of the precipitation of zinnwaldite and fl uorite. (2) HFSE, Sc, and Y+REE were mainly incorporated by gadolinite-(Y...

show abstract

“…Some of these layers are enriched in fluorapatite (abundant), or minor detrital INTRODUCTION Scandium is rarely expressed as specific mineral species, owing to its dilution in common silicates, where it substitutes for Fe, Mg and Al. There exist at present only nine approved species of scandium minerals: six silicates (bazzite, thortveitite, cascandite, jervisite, scandiobabingtonite and kristiansenite), and three phosphates (kolbeckite, pretulite and juonniite) (Mellini et al 1982, Orlandi et al 1998, Hey et al 1982, Bernhard et al 1998b, Liferovich et al 1997, Raade et al 2002.…”

Section: Sommairementioning

confidence: 99%

Scandium Mineralogy: Pretulite With Scandian Zircon and Xenotime-(Y) Within an Apatite-Rich Oolitic Ironstone From Saint-Aubin-Des-Chateaux, Armorican Massif, France

Moëlo¹,

Lulzac²,

Rouer³

et al. 2002

The Canadian Mineralogist

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The scandium phosphate pretulite has been identified with scandian zircon and xenotime-(Y) in an apatite-rich oolitic Ordovician ironstone at Saint-Aubin-des-Châteaux, Armorican Massif, France. Pseudo-octahedral crystals of pretulite, up to 400 m across, have grown epitactically on detrital zircon. They reveal complex zoning due to incorporation of Y and HREE, as well as to an extended solid-solution toward the zircon end-member. Characteristic compositions in the pretulite-xenotime-(Y)zircon system are: Prl 0.973 Xnt 0.020 Zrn 0.007 , Prl 0.907 Xnt 0.088 Zrn 0.005 , Prl 0.873 Xnt 0.042 Zrn 0.085 , Prl 0.718 Xnt 0.024 Zrn 0.258 and Prl 0.453 Xnt 0.042 Zrn 0.505. A single-crystal X-ray refinement of the structure in space group I4 1 /amd (R = 0.0389) gives a 6.5870(9), c 5.809(1) Å, for the formula (Sc 0.904 Y 0.032 HREE 0.016 Zr 0.048)(P 0.952 Si 0.048)O 4. The Raman spectrum is presented. Detrital zircon shows phosphate-rich metamict zones containing HREE and Sc (up to 3.2 wt.% Sc 2 O 3). Analytical and crystallographic data suggest a complete solid-solution between zircon and pretulite. Xenotime-(Y), also epitactic on zircon, shows distinct stages of crystallization, with a decrease in Y together with an enrichment in the lighter REE and Sc (up to 0.7 wt.% Sc 2 O 3). The scandium minerals at Saint-Aubin reflect the evolution of the iron ore, from sedimentation to diagenesis and metamorphism, followed by multistage hydrothermal leaching and recrystallization. Despite the high concentration of Fe in the environment, this quite unique occurrence of Sc minerals illustrates the high capacity of the phosphate ion to extract scandium and precipitate it as a specific phase, at relatively low-temperature conditions.

show abstract

Kristiansenite, a new calcium-scandium-tin sorosilicate from granite pegmatite in Tørdal, Telemark, Norway

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Petrography, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Sc-enriched Kiviniemi ferrodiorite intrusion, eastern Finland

Petrography, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Sc-enriched Kiviniemi ferrodiorite intrusion, eastern Finland

Scandium silicates from the Baveno and Cuasso al Monte NYF-granites, Southern Alps (Italy): Mineralogy and genetic inferences

Scandium Mineralogy: Pretulite With Scandian Zircon and Xenotime-(Y) Within an Apatite-Rich Oolitic Ironstone From Saint-Aubin-Des-Chateaux, Armorican Massif, France

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About