Krill Fisheries and the Future

Everson, Inigo; Agnew, David J.; Miller, Denzil

doi:10.1002/9780470999493.ch14

Cited by 26 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…More recently, research efforts have also focussed on stock estimates and distributions, again with regard to fisheries exploitation [7]. Whilst catches have remained relatively stable and never reached the maximum TAC (total allowable catch) defined by the regulatory body the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), there is growing concern about decreasing krill stocks and any consequential effects on both the Southern Ocean ecosystem and the fisheries industry [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic Krill 454 Pyrosequencing Reveals Chaperone and Stress Transcriptome

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThe Antarctic krill Euphausia superba is a keystone species in the Antarctic food chain. Not only is it a significant grazer of phytoplankton, but it is also a major food item for charismatic megafauna such as whales and seals and an important Southern Ocean fisheries crop. Ecological data suggest that this species is being affected by climate change and this will have considerable consequences for the balance of the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Hence, understanding how this organism functions is a priority area and will provide fundamental data for life history studies, energy budget calculations and food web models.Methodology/Principal FindingsThe assembly of the 454 transcriptome of E. superba resulted in 22,177 contigs with an average size of 492bp (ranging between 137 and 8515bp). In depth analysis of the data revealed an extensive catalogue of the cellular chaperone systems and the major antioxidant proteins. Full length sequences were characterised for the chaperones HSP70, HSP90 and the super-oxide dismutase antioxidants, with the discovery of potentially novel duplications of these genes. The sequence data contained 41,470 microsatellites and 17,776 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs/INDELS), providing a resource for population and also gene function studies.ConclusionsThis paper details the first 454 generated data for a pelagic Antarctic species or any pelagic crustacean globally. The classical “stress proteins”, such as HSP70, HSP90, ferritin and GST were all highly expressed. These genes were shown to be over expressed in the transcriptomes of Antarctic notothenioid fish and hypothesized as adaptations to living in the cold, with the associated problems of decreased protein folding efficiency and increased vulnerability to damage by reactive oxygen species. Hence, these data will provide a major resource for future physiological work on krill, but in particular a suite of “stress” genes for studies understanding marine ectotherms' capacities to cope with environmental change.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic Krill 454 Pyrosequencing Reveals Chaperone and Stress Transcriptome

et al. 2011

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“…The confidence intervals around this estimate of food consumption are likely to be most sensitive to the accuracy of the estimated metabolic rate of individuals, after accounting for errors in demographic variables. Antarctic Krill are also the target of a major fishery (Everson 2000) and estimates of the consumption of krill by natural predators will aid in setting catch limits and quotas. The population sizes, diets, behaviour and energy expenditure of the other major predators in this system have been studied (Reid 1995;Reid & Arnould 1996;Croxall et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy requirements of female Macaroni Penguins breeding at South Georgia

et al. 2002

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Summary 1.Breeding female Macaroni Penguins ( Eudyptes chrysolophus ) were implanted with heart rate, temperature and depth data loggers in order to estimate their rate of energy expenditure from heart rate. 2. The estimated average daily metabolic rates (ADMR) of birds during the brood and crèche phases of the breeding season were 8·17 ± 0·44 W kg − 1 and 8·24 ± 0·41 W kg − 1 , respectively. There was no significant difference between these estimates and the pooled ADMR for all birds was 8·22 ± 0·38 W kg − 1 . 3.Metabolic rate while the penguins were at-sea was 9·03 ± 0·39 W kg − 1 and this was significantly greater than the metabolic rate of 6·27 ± 0·38 W kg − 1 while they were on-shore. 4. Females undertook shorter foraging trips during the crèche phase than during the brood phase. 5. When considered as a breeding pair, Macaroni Penguins expend more energy in raising their chick during the crèche phase of the breeding season as the male assists in provisioning the chick only at this time.

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“…At the hub of the Antarctic marine food web, krill is the primary consumer of diatoms, the major prey for many species of fishes, penguins, seals and whales123, and a substantial commercial fishery resource1. The abundance of krill is very sensitive to climate change and has significant impacts on high trophic-level predators in the Southern Ocean ecosystems45.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The abundance of krill is very sensitive to climate change and has significant impacts on high trophic-level predators in the Southern Ocean ecosystems45. Recent Antarctic krill populations have been significantly influenced by rapid climate change, human removal of krill-eating predators and intense commercial fishing167. Therefore, the records of krill population change, especially those pre-dating the onset of human harvesting in Antarctic, are crucial for understanding and predicting responses of krill population to natural climate changes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Penguin tissue as a proxy for relative krill abundance in East Antarctica during the Holocene

Huang

Sun

Long

et al. 2013

Sci Rep

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Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a key component of the Southern Ocean food web. It supports a large number of upper trophic-level predators, and is also a major fishery resource. Understanding changes in krill abundance has long been a priority for research and conservation in the Southern Ocean. In this study, we performed stable isotope analyses on ancient Adélie penguin tissues and inferred relative krill abundance during the Holocene epoch from paleodiets of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), using inverse of δ15N (ratio of 15N/14N) value as a proxy. We find that variations in krill abundance during the Holocene are in accord with episodes of regional climate changes, showing greater krill abundance in cold periods. Moreover, the low δ15N values found in modern Adélie penguins indicate relatively high krill availability, which supports the hypothesis of krill surplus in modern ages due to recent hunt for krill-eating seals and whales by humans.

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Krill Fisheries and the Future

Cited by 26 publications

References 2 publications

Antarctic Krill 454 Pyrosequencing Reveals Chaperone and Stress Transcriptome

Antarctic Krill 454 Pyrosequencing Reveals Chaperone and Stress Transcriptome

Energy requirements of female Macaroni Penguins breeding at South Georgia

Penguin tissue as a proxy for relative krill abundance in East Antarctica during the Holocene

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