KPFM observation for Photo-assisted Formation of Donor-acceptor Spatial Distribution in Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Watanabe, Satoshi; Aoyama, Tetsuya; Fukuchi, Yasumasa; Sassa, Takufumi; Yamashita, Takashi; Matsumoto, Mutsuyoshi; Wada, Takehiko

doi:10.2494/photopolymer.22.571

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Therefore, we have started to investigate structured BHJ photovoltaic devices fabricated with VCz(CHO) and C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to take further advantage of softness and photopolymerization properties of the liquid carbazole. We already demonstrated that surface relief gratings (SRGs) were formed in the structured BHJ devices, , uniquely forming SRGs in films without azobenzene compounds. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Donor and Acceptor Spatial Distribution in Structured Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices Induced by Periodic Photopolymerization

et al. 2012

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Donor and acceptor spatial distributions were directly formed in a surface relief grating of structured bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices by simple periodic photopolymerization. Enhanced photocurrents were observed in the structured BHJ photovoltaic devices and formation of the D/A spatial distribution was confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy. This technique enables the fabrication of structured BHJ photovoltaic devices with solution-processable organic semiconductors, and has tremendous potential for controlling D/A spatial distribution in organic optoelectronics devices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron Donor and Acceptor Spatial Distribution in Structured Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices Induced by Periodic Photopolymerization

et al. 2012

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“…Absorbance in the visible region was slightly increased by doping with PCBM. The diffraction efficiency of the SRGs is at most 1.5% according to our previous study, 44 suggesting that the effect of the grating structures is weak in the UV−vis absorption and indicating that the influence of diffraction to absorption is small and the effect of the increase in effective optical path length is limited (Figure S1). Figure 2b shows the photocurrent action spectra of the structured and as-prepared films of VCz(CHO)/PCBM (80:20 wt %) under light illumination.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…We previously reported the enhanced short-circuit photocurrents in structured photovoltaic devices with a 532 nm incident laser beam for the formation of the D/A spatial distribution. 44,45 Here, we investigate the photocurrent action spectra of structured BHJ devices.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have demonstrated the formation of SRGs and D/A spatial distribution in the structured devices, which resulted in observably enhanced photocurrents. 39,44 D/A spatial distribution was formed in the structured photovoltaic devices, and PCBM molecules were highly distributed in the upper regions of the grating. 44−47 Herein, we report on our investigation of the macroscopic and local photovoltaic properties in the structured photovoltaic devices.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Situ KPFM Imaging of Local Photovoltaic Characteristics of Structured Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Watanabe

Fukuchi

Fukasawa

et al. 2014

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Here, we discuss the local photovoltaic characteristics of a structured bulk heterojunction, organic photovoltaic devices fabricated with a liquid carbazole, and a fullerene derivative based on analysis by scanning kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Periodic photopolymerization induced by an interference pattern from two laser beams formed surface relief gratings (SRG) in the structured films. The surface potential distribution in the SRGs indicates the formation of donor and acceptor spatial distribution. Under illumination, the surface potential reversibly changed because of the generation of fullerene anions and hole transport from the films to substrates, which indicates that we successfully imaged the local photovoltaic characteristics of the structured photovoltaic devices. Using atomic force microscopy, we confirmed the formation of the SRG because of the material migration to the photopolymerized region of the films, which was induced by light exposure through photomasks. The structuring technique allows for the direct fabrication and the control of donor and acceptor spatial distribution in organic photonic and electronic devices with minimized material consumption. This in situ KPFM technique is indispensable to the fabrication of nanoscale electron donor and electron acceptor spatial distribution in the devices.

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“…KPFM provides information on the local work functions of metals 60) and organic semiconductors 61,62) . We investigated the patterned RE-1-nanoparticle films on Si wafers using AFM and KPFM to study the local material distribution of the films.…”

Section: Liftoff Photolithography Of Mixed Re-nanoparticle Lmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcination-Free Liftoff Photolithography of Mixed Dip-Coated Films Consisting of Rare-Earth-Ion-Doped Nanoparticles on Plastic Sheets

et al. 2012

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Introduction Two-dimensional nanofabrication has attracted much attention in various fields such as materials, biotechnology, and information technology. Photolithography 1-5) , electron-beam lithography 6-8) , soft lithography 9-13) and scanning probe force microscopic lithography 14-21) , categorized as top-down technologies, have been used. Nanostructures in block copolymers 22, 23) , Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films 24-33) and phospholipid monolayers 34-37) have been utilized for patterning functional materials using bottom-up processes. Rare-earth-ion-doped (RE) inorganic phosphor films have attracted much attention for applications in displays, sensors, and emitting devices because of their unique photonics properties, long operating lifetimes compared with organic semiconductors, and good resistance to fading. Upconversion phenomena originate from rare-earth ions doped in low-phonon inorganic materials under stepwise infrared excitations 38, 39). These phenomena have been used for nanofabrication 40) and high-resolution imaging in nonlinear optical fields 41). In addition, the near-infrared (NIR)

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KPFM observation for Photo-assisted Formation of Donor-acceptor Spatial Distribution in Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Cited by 5 publications

References 11 publications

Electron Donor and Acceptor Spatial Distribution in Structured Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices Induced by Periodic Photopolymerization

Electron Donor and Acceptor Spatial Distribution in Structured Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices Induced by Periodic Photopolymerization

In Situ KPFM Imaging of Local Photovoltaic Characteristics of Structured Organic Photovoltaic Devices

Calcination-Free Liftoff Photolithography of Mixed Dip-Coated Films Consisting of Rare-Earth-Ion-Doped Nanoparticles on Plastic Sheets

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