Abstract:A novel strictly anaerobic thermophilic heterotrophic bacterium, strain SLHLJ1(T), was isolated from a Pacific hydrothermal sediment. Cells were Gram-negative coccobacilli (approximately 1.0 × 0.6 μm) with a toga. It grew at temperatures between 33 and 78 °C (optimum 70 °C). Elemental sulphur and L-cystine stimulated its growth. It contained C16:0, C16:1 ω11c, C18:0 and C18:1 ω9c as major fatty acids (>5%), 3 phospholipids and 2 glycolipids as polar lipids. Its DNA G+C content was 43.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analy… Show more
“…3). Members of this genus have been found in hydrothermal sediments (Nunoura et al 2010;L'Haridon et al 2014) and oil production fluids (DiPippo et al 2009;Feng et al 2010). Like other thermophilic Thermotogae, the Kosmotoga are anaerobic chemoorganotrophs able to ferment carbohydrates and peptides (Nunoura et al 2010) and to produce molecular hydrogen (DiPippo et al 2009;Feng et al 2010).…”
Section: Transition To Mesophily In Kosmotoga and Mesotogamentioning
Thermophiles are extremophiles that grow optimally at temperatures >45°C. To survive and maintain function of their biological molecules, they have a suite of characteristics not found in organisms that grow at moderate temperature (mesophiles). At the cellular level, thermophiles have mechanisms for maintaining their membranes, nucleic acids, and other cellular structures. At the protein level, each of their proteins remains stable and retains activity at temperatures that would denature their mesophilic homologs. Conversely, cellular structures and proteins from thermophiles may not function optimally at moderate temperatures. These differences between thermophiles and mesophiles presumably present a barrier for evolutionary transitioning between the 2 lifestyles. Therefore, studying closely related thermophiles and mesophiles can help us determine how such lifestyle transitions may happen. The bacterial phylum Thermotogae contains hyperthermophiles, thermophiles, mesophiles, and organisms with temperature ranges wide enough to span both thermophilic and mesophilic temperatures. Genomic, proteomic, and physiological differences noted between other bacterial thermophiles and mesophiles are evident within the Thermotogae. We argue that the Thermotogae is an ideal group of organisms for understanding of the response to fluctuating temperature and of long-term evolutionary adaptation to a different growth temperature range.Key words: lateral gene transfer, Kosmotoga, Mesotoga, thermostability, stress response.
Résumé :Les thermophiles sont des extrémophiles dont la température optimale de croissance se situe au-delà de 45°C. Pour survivre et permettre à leurs biomolécules de bien fonctionner, ils doivent se doter de caractéristiques qu'on ne retrouve pas chez des organismes se développant à des températures intermédiaires (mésophiles). Sur le plan cellulaire, les thermophiles ont des mécanismes permettant de préserver leurs membranes, acides nucléiques et autres structures cellulaires. Au chapitre des protéines, chacune d'entre elles demeure stable et active à des températures qui dénatureraient leurs homologues mésophiles. En revanche, les structures et protéines cellulaires des thermophiles pourraient ne pas fonctionner de manière optimale à des températures intermédiaires. De telles différences entre les thermophiles et les mésophiles auraient tendance à se dresser en travers d'une transition évolutive entre ces deux modes de vie. Par conséquent, l'étude de thermophiles et de mésophiles fortement apparentés pourrait nous permettre d'établir comment surviendraient de telles transitions du mode de vie. Le phylum bactérien Thermotogae regroupe des hyperthermophiles, des thermophiles, des mésophiles et des organismes dont l'intervalle de températures chevauche les plages thermophiles et mésophiles. On observe parmi les Thermotogae des différences sur le plan génomique, protéomique, et physiologique qu'on relève également entre d'autres thermophiles et méso-philes bactériens. Nous soutenons que les Thermot...
“…3). Members of this genus have been found in hydrothermal sediments (Nunoura et al 2010;L'Haridon et al 2014) and oil production fluids (DiPippo et al 2009;Feng et al 2010). Like other thermophilic Thermotogae, the Kosmotoga are anaerobic chemoorganotrophs able to ferment carbohydrates and peptides (Nunoura et al 2010) and to produce molecular hydrogen (DiPippo et al 2009;Feng et al 2010).…”
Section: Transition To Mesophily In Kosmotoga and Mesotogamentioning
Thermophiles are extremophiles that grow optimally at temperatures >45°C. To survive and maintain function of their biological molecules, they have a suite of characteristics not found in organisms that grow at moderate temperature (mesophiles). At the cellular level, thermophiles have mechanisms for maintaining their membranes, nucleic acids, and other cellular structures. At the protein level, each of their proteins remains stable and retains activity at temperatures that would denature their mesophilic homologs. Conversely, cellular structures and proteins from thermophiles may not function optimally at moderate temperatures. These differences between thermophiles and mesophiles presumably present a barrier for evolutionary transitioning between the 2 lifestyles. Therefore, studying closely related thermophiles and mesophiles can help us determine how such lifestyle transitions may happen. The bacterial phylum Thermotogae contains hyperthermophiles, thermophiles, mesophiles, and organisms with temperature ranges wide enough to span both thermophilic and mesophilic temperatures. Genomic, proteomic, and physiological differences noted between other bacterial thermophiles and mesophiles are evident within the Thermotogae. We argue that the Thermotogae is an ideal group of organisms for understanding of the response to fluctuating temperature and of long-term evolutionary adaptation to a different growth temperature range.Key words: lateral gene transfer, Kosmotoga, Mesotoga, thermostability, stress response.
Résumé :Les thermophiles sont des extrémophiles dont la température optimale de croissance se situe au-delà de 45°C. Pour survivre et permettre à leurs biomolécules de bien fonctionner, ils doivent se doter de caractéristiques qu'on ne retrouve pas chez des organismes se développant à des températures intermédiaires (mésophiles). Sur le plan cellulaire, les thermophiles ont des mécanismes permettant de préserver leurs membranes, acides nucléiques et autres structures cellulaires. Au chapitre des protéines, chacune d'entre elles demeure stable et active à des températures qui dénatureraient leurs homologues mésophiles. En revanche, les structures et protéines cellulaires des thermophiles pourraient ne pas fonctionner de manière optimale à des températures intermédiaires. De telles différences entre les thermophiles et les mésophiles auraient tendance à se dresser en travers d'une transition évolutive entre ces deux modes de vie. Par conséquent, l'étude de thermophiles et de mésophiles fortement apparentés pourrait nous permettre d'établir comment surviendraient de telles transitions du mode de vie. Le phylum bactérien Thermotogae regroupe des hyperthermophiles, des thermophiles, des mésophiles et des organismes dont l'intervalle de températures chevauche les plages thermophiles et mésophiles. On observe parmi les Thermotogae des différences sur le plan génomique, protéomique, et physiologique qu'on relève également entre d'autres thermophiles et méso-philes bactériens. Nous soutenons que les Thermot...
“… K. pacifica SLHLJ1 T was closely related to K. arenicorallina , sharing 97.93% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and was distantly related (<93%) to the other species of the genus Kosmotoga . Phylogenetic comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences of K. pacifica SLHLJ1 T and other Thermotogae also supported the result that K. pacifica SLHLJ1 T clusters with other Kosmotoga species (Additional file 2: Figure S1) [16]. Fig.…”
Section: Organism Informationmentioning
confidence: 53%
“…Strain SLHLJ1 T was isolated by repeated streaking on plates as described elsewhere [16]. In this study, a whole-genome phylogeny of the Thermotogae lineage was constructed based on the core genome (499 core genes) from 20 complete genomes.…”
Section: Organism Informationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The genus is currently composed of four type species, K. olearia [5], K. arenicorallina [15], K. shengliensis [15] and K. pacifica [16]. Kosmotoga species have been isolated from oil reservoirs as well as shallow and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Kosmotoga species have been isolated from oil reservoirs as well as shallow and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Strain SLHLJ1 T (=DSM 26965 T = JCM 19180 T = UBOCC 3254 T =MCCC 1A00641 T ) is the type strain of the species K. pacifica , which was isolated from sediments of an active hydrothermal vent on the East Pacific Rise (102°55′W, 3°58′S) [16]. Here, we present a summary of the physiological features of K. pacifica SLHLJ1 T , together with a description of the complete genomic sequence and annotation.…”
Kosmotoga pacifica strain SLHLJ1T is a thermophilic chemoorganoheterotrophic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal sediment. It belongs to the physiologically homogeneous Thermotogaceae family. Here, we describe the phenotypic features of K. pacifica together with its genome sequence and annotation. The chromosome has 2,169,170 bp, organized in one contig. A total of 1897 candidate protein-encoding genes and 177 RNA genes were identified. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain is distantly related to sequences of some relatives classified in the same genus (K. olearia 7.02% and K. shengliensis 7.83%), with dissimilarity percentages close to the threshold generally described for genus delineation. Nevertheless, the percentage of conserved proteins (POCP), which is much higher than 50% (around 70%), together with phenotypic features of the isolates, confirm the affiliation all Kosmotoga species described so far to the same genus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40793-016-0214-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Kos.mo.to'ga. Gr. masc. n.
kosmos
universe or world; L. fem. n.
toga
, a Roman outer garment; N.L. fem. n.
Kosmotoga
a worldly toga, referring to the diverse environments inhabited by members of this
Thermotogota
genus (oil reservoirs, marine hydrothermal sediments, hydrothermal vents, and crustal fluids).
Thermotogota / Thermotogae / Kosmotogales / Kosmotogaceae / Kosmotoga
The genus
Kosmotoga
comprises
anaerobic thermophilic heterotrophs
, with optimum growth temperatures of 60–70°C, optimal pH of 7.0, and optimal salinities between 1.5 and 3.0 (NaCl w/v%). These bacteria reduce
sulfur, thiosulfate, or cystine to H
2
S
. The cells are Gram‐negative, and diverse morphologies are observed, from short rods to cocci.
Kosmotoga
spp. are members of the phylum
Thermotogota
, class
Thermotogae
, order
Kosmotogales
, and family
Kosmotogaceae
. The genus currently consists of four described species:
Kosmotoga arenicorallina
,
Kosmotoga olearia
,
Kosmotoga pacifica
, and
Kosmotoga shengliensis
. Known habitats are oil reservoirs, hydrothermal vents, marine sediments, and crustal fluids.
DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 36.4–42.5.
Type species
:
Kosmotoga olearia
DiPippo et al. 2009
VP
.
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