Korruption, en fråga om ekonomisk och organiserad brottslighet?

Abstract

The question considered herein is whether corruption in the contexts o f economic a n d organised crime -as discussed in to two em pirical studies in Sweden -should be treated as crim inality in and o f itse lf o r as simply a means by which to fa cilita te other form s o f crime. The article concludes that corruption is in many ways an instrument to facilitate the transaction o f both econom ic a n d organised crime, ie, le g a l activites f o r economic crim e a n d ille g a l operations f o r organised crime. The one exception is occupational crime in which white co lla r crim inals misuse their occupa tions, typically by demanding or accepting brides. In this case, corruption can clearly be treated as the g o a l o f crim in a l activity. InledningK o rru p tio n in n e fattar a llt frå n m utade tra fik p o lis e r t i l l m in is tra r som är in b lan dad e i in te rn a tio n e lla vapenaffärer. D et är m ed andra o rd en stor sp ännvid d på de g ä rnin g ar som ry m s u n d e r begrepp et k o rru p tio n . På senare tid har k o rru p tio n ock så b liv it ett om råde som få tt a lltm e r upp m ärksam het in o m k r im in a lp o lititik e n . B a k g ru n d e n är att k o rru p tio n le d er t i l l stora p ro b lem genom en m in d re e ffe k tiv ekon om i och att det so cia la k a p ita let i sam hället u rh o lk a s (B rå 2007:21; R othstein, 2003). N ä r k o rru p tio n kom m er på ta l b ru k a r o ck så ek on om isk o ch organiserad b ro ttslig h etet näm nas, i a lla f a ll i den in te rn a tio n e lla litte ra tu re n (R u g g ie ro , 1996). E k o n o m is k o ch org a n isera d b ro ttslig h e t är o ck så om råden som v ä ck e r stort k r im in a lp o litis k t in tre sse ( K o rs e ll, 2006). L å t oss d ä rfö r u n d e rsö k a h u r k o rru p tio n i p ra k tik e n fö r h å lle r sig t i l l denna b ro tts lig h e t o c h utgå frå n re sultatet frå n tv å e m p iris k a s tu d ie r om k o rru p tio n som B ro ttsfö re b y g g a n d e rådet (B rå ) g e n o m fö rt på senare år. D e n fö rsta , Otillåten påverkan riktad mot myndighetspersoner. F rå n trakas serier, hot och våld till amorös infiltration ( B rå 2005:18)', ta r u p p k o rru p tio n som en av fle ra fo rm e r av o tillå te n påverkan. M e d det avses att s y fte t m ed de o tillå tn a åtgärderna är att påverka m y n d ig hetsutövning en. D e n andra rap porte n är helt in r ik tad på k o rru p tio n , Korruptionens struktur i Sverige: "Den korrupte upphandlaren" och andra f a ll om mutor, bestickning och maktmissbruk (B rå 2007:21)2. ' Tack till fil. dr David Wästerfors vid Sociologiska institutionen vid Lunds universitet samt utredarna Linda Källman, Linda Weding och Johanna Skinnari vid Brottsförebyggande rådet för synpunkter på artikelutkast. '* Title in Swedish: Corruption: Economic or Organised Crime? Original in Swedish.

Regulating Organized Crime

“…One Swedish crime preventive regulatory scheme is directed at business proprietors who sell used goods (Korsell and Norlin 2015, 15). While such business persons do not need permits, they must report their activities to the supervisory authority, which in Sweden is the police.…”

“…It should be possible to influence the situational prerequisites for handling stolen goods by enforcing legislation on used goods and conducting proper field inspections. However, one problem is that the supervisory authority (the police) focuses more on the production chain (the thieves) than on the market for stolen goods (Korsell and Norlin 2015, 15). A greater understanding of how markets work and that situational crime prevention is not merely a question of shutting out thieves should expand the prerequisites for applying extant regulations.…”

“…Some examples have already been given, and this section includes further examples. A registered company is necessary to act; present a genuine front; facilitate criminality; or be considered for tenders, licenses, subsidies, or support (Korsell and Norlin 2015, 15).…”

“…In addition to principles of freedom of trade, the state has a strong interest in facilitating business. It is hardly politically efficacious to set the bar too high for business activities (Korsell and Norlin 2015, 15). At times, however, demands have been made that a “business literacy certificate” be required to run a company (Korsell 2012).…”

“…Operating a business in industries is, however, subject to licensing (Korsell and Norlin 2015, 15). A milder variant is the requirement to report certain business activities to public authorities.…”