Konkurencyjność gospodarcza krajów. Propozycja alternatywnego pomiaru w kontekście dyskusji o konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki

Abstract

Konkurencyjność gospodarcza krajów. Propozycja alternatywnego pomiaru w kontekście dyskusji o konkurencyjności polskiej gospodarki The economic competitiveness of countries. An alternative proposal of its measurement in the context of the competitiveness of Polish economy: This article looks at the problem of measuring economic competitiveness of countries. It begins with describing various definitions of this phenomenon which are sometimes quite vague and close to tautology. The indicators of competitiveness which are most commonly used lack theoretical background, while the results depend on arbitrary choice of variables used for their construction. The author makes a proposal of an alternative way of measuring the competitiveness which is simple and well rooted in the theory. However, given the complexity of the problem, the proposed measurement does not solve all the problems. Its results allow for making the assessment of the development model of Poland and, in particular, formulating a hypothesis that Poland is underperforming in the field of the competitiveness given its level of economic and institutional development.

Competitividad internacional de las economías de México y Polonia. Un análisis comparativo

“…Its internal and external aspects as well as static and dynamic ones interfere and interpenetrate each other. The analysis of the competitive position at the macroscale is the subject of interest of many entities (Fagerberg, 2012;Orłowski, 2018).…”

“…The term competitiveness has been dissected in the academic literature ever since it became a focus of the policy debate in the late 1980s and early 1990s (Chaharbaghi & Feurer, 1994;Krugman, 1994;Porter 1990;Porter, Ketels & Delgado, 2008;Ketels, 2016) and evolved intensively. For the purposes of this study, a fairly widely accepted definition has been adopted that the country's competitiveness is understood as its ability to permanently provide a high level of income to its inhabitants, thanks to its share in the global market and the ability to sell competitive goods on it (sold cheaper thanks to lower production costs or bringing a higher margin of added value) (Hsieh, 2015;Edler, Boon, 2018;Flejterski & Majchrzak, 2018;Orłowski, 2018). The different views on what competitiveness is and what value it has for economic development that emerged in the 20th century never really became the basis for reaching a consensus among researchers (Voinescu & Moisoiu, 2015;Castro-Gonzáles, Peña-Vinces & Guillen, 2016;Ketels, 2016;Deleidi, Mazzucato, 2021).…”

“…Numerous attempts have been made to measure with macroeconomic variables closely related to economic growth (such as GDP per capita, productivity, real income per capita, real exchange rate, the level of unit labor costs, the level of technological competitiveness approximated by expenditure on R&D) (Krugman, 1996;Siudek, Zawojska, 2014). However, such measures are often criticized (Flejterski, Majchrzak, 2018;Orłowski, 2018).…”

“…There are also more and more new alternative concepts for calculating competitiveness (Orłowski, 2018), but for the purposes of this article they will not be analyzed.…”

Przemysł hutniczy lat 1990–2020 w Europie

“…Zmiany gospodarcze (Jakubowska, Grabowska-Powaga, 2017;Zioło, Rachwał, 2019) ostatnich trzech dekad, jakich doświadczała Polska i jej gospodarka narodowa, były w rozmaity sposób odbierane przez inne państwa, gdzie zmniejszanie się polskiej konkurencyjności (Orłowski, 2018;Pilarska, 2017;Wyżnikiewicz, 2019) mogło stanowić bodziec do rozwoju, lub gdzie te same czynniki powodowały ich deindustrializację (Miernik, 2016;Soroka, 2019). Zatem produkcja wyrobów hutniczych, pomimo, że rosła (tabela 1), to niektóre państwa traciły udział w dynamicznym rynku stali, surówki żelaza, miedzi hutniczej i rafinowanej, aluminium, stopów żelaza z metalami uszlachetniającymi stal (ferrostopy), cynku, ołowiu oraz niklu -produktów, których wolumen produkcji w branży jest największy, obecnie przekraczający milion ton rocznie.…”