Koch Snowflake Fractal Antenna Design in the Deep Space Bands for a Constellation of Cubesat Explorers

Abstract

This paper presents the design and simulation of a Koch curve fractal antenna, developed according to the second iteration of the Koch snowflake fractal for S-band, C-band, X-band and Ku-band. The simulated antenna shows good performance for the operating frequencies and desirable gain, bandwidth and VSWR parameters. Being a compact antenna, it has a size, geometry and characteristics that go in accord with the CubeSat’s structure standards. The antenna was fabricated on a 1.5 mm thick FR-4 substrate. The VSWR achieved values are lower than 1.4 for the frequencies used (2.1 GHz to 2.4 GHz and 7.4 GHz to 8.9 GHz) with a simulated omnidirectional radiation pattern. A maximum gain of 6.8 dBi was achieved. As this antenna works optimally in the S, C and X bands, it is adequate for deep space applications, especially in low-power consumption systems. This approach would be ideal for constellations of Cubesat explorers.

Fractional Domination Number of the Fractal Graphs

“…The fractional independent domination numbers are denoted as i f (G), which is defined as the minimum cardinality of the set {|f|: f is an MIF of G} (2) . In (3) , which is based on fractal geometry and deduces some of the properties of fractal graphs, (4) investigated the effects of deviations composing the fractal of the Sierpinski triangle, and (5) presented the design and simulation of a Koch curve fractal antenna. In (6) , complex networks use combinatorial methods and algorithms for studying fractal properties.…”