“…Tempest says that print is still popular in Africa, but as ICT has improved, new publication models, such as green OA (in which the accepted manuscript is deposited into an OA repository and made available after an embargo), gold OA (in which the author pays an upfront fee to the publisher for immediate publication), and other models, such as self-archiving, will keep improving access to, and publication of, scholarship. Atiso et al (2017) found that, in Ghana, OA is a necessity, as many libraries were unable to pay for high journal subscription costs and were not able to offer them to their users. However, Tempest says that for authors in Africa, "the cost of open access (in its Gold form) is too high".…”