Knowledge gaps and research priorities in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>mastitis control

Rainard, Pascal; Foucras, Gilles; Fitzgerald, J. Ross; Watts, Jeffrey L.; Koop, Gerrit; Middleton, John R.

doi:10.1111/tbed.12698

Cited by 175 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…When the induced immune response is not effective in clearing the pathogen, the duration of the mastitis will increase and influx of leukocytes will continue, resulting in more tissue damage, and potentially a more severe mastitis. Although the level of bMEC activation by S. aureus likely contributes to the severity of an IMI, it is important to emphasize that the clinical severity of IMI depends on several factors, such host conditions and production of bacterial virulence factors [44]. Recently, we observed that S. aureus belonging to CC479 are associated with clinical rather than subclinical mastitis cases in cattle [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent

et al. 2019

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Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent

et al. 2019

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“…With regard to Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, Rainard et al. () identify three priorities for further research: (i) understanding the molecular basis for pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis; (ii) identifying staphylococcal antigens inducing protection; and (iii) determining cell‐mediated immune responses to infection and vaccination. Klaas and Zadoks () cover the topic of environmental mastitis in dairy cattle.…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%

DISCONTOOLS supplement: Current research gaps for advancing control of infectious diseases in production animals

Charlier¹,

Barkema

2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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DISCONTOOLS (DISease CONtrol TOOLS) is an open-access database to assist public and private funders of animal health research in identifying research gaps and planning future research. This database is supported by a range of national funders of animal health research in Europe, with industry providing secretariat support. Information in the database is generated by disease-specific expert groups. In this DISCONTOOLS Supplement, contributing experts expanded their gap analyses into review papers for 15 diseases, covering zoonotic, production and epizootic diseases. Across this diverse array of diseases, it is clear that fundamental research on host-pathogen relationships and immune responses remains critical for evidence-based development of novel vaccines, pharmaceuticals and diagnostics to improve animal health. Furthermore, it is also obvious that there is need to better utilize economics and knowledge regarding "human factors" to optimise uptake and use of a broad range of tools and insights.

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“…Our review focuses on virulence factors in coagulase positive Staphylococci isolated from animals. S. aureus is not discussed in this paper due to the existence of a number of recent review articles covering this species; see for example (Zecconi and Scali 2013;Scali et al 2015;Mutters et al 2016;Ballhausen et al 2017;Aires-de-Sousa 2017;Rainard et al 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus

González-Martín

Corbera

Suárez‐Bonnet

et al. 2020

Veterinary Quarterly

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Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors-molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the 'One Health' approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.

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Knowledge gaps and research priorities inStaphylococcus aureusmastitis control

Cited by 175 publications

References 168 publications

Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent

Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent

DISCONTOOLS supplement: Current research gaps for advancing control of infectious diseases in production animals

Virulence factors in coagulase-positive staphylococci of veterinary interest other than Staphylococcus aureus

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