Knowledge Externalities and Networks of Cities in the Creative Metropolis

Creative Clusters and District Economies: Towards a Taxonomy to Interpret the Phenomenon

“…Lazzeretti et al ( , p. 1245, for example, clearly affirm that "notwithstanding the importance of the presence of cultural resources in the territories, the basic reasons for the clustering of creative industries are still recognized based on the traditional concept of agglomeration economies". Trullén and Boix (2008) come to similar conclusions with respect to the effect of external economies on the differential employment growth in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. In line with this reasoning, Lorenzen and Frederiksen (2008) distinguish between the strategic importance of localization economies for creative product differentiation and the pivotal role of urbanization economies for novelty.…”

“…This consideration is supported by Turok (2003), who, shifting the focus from clusters to urban areas, emphasizes how creative firms are attracted to cities due to urbanization economies, rather than by industrial complexes or localized social networks. To date, therefore, a limited number of studies has stressed the fundamental differences between these two typologies of agglomeration and related externalities, both theoretically (Lorenzen & Frederiksen, 2008) and empirically (Trullén & Boix, 2008;Campbell-Kelly et al, 2010;. This lack of sufficient in-depth studies generates a certain theoretical ambiguity and prevents an understanding of the ultimate strategic reasons for co-location.…”

“…In line with this reasoning, many contributions on the subject of clustering of creative industries explicitly refer to the more established and validated literature on industrial districts, identifying similarities between post-Marshallian nodes and creative clusters. However, the connection between the two appears to be often taken for granted, with a limited number of studies providing the necessary empirical evidence to critically prove this assumption (Trullén & Boix, 2008;De Propris et al, 2009;Campbell-Kelly et al, 2010;. In the following four sections, therefore, a review of the literature of creative clusters is organized according to the main features and expected advantages of district economies.…”

Creative Cities Research in Penang, Malaysia: A Review of Conceptual and Methodological Framework

“…The absence of vital quantitative data such as 'total contribution of creative industries to GDP' and 'total number of employees in creative industries' further hampers efforts to tabulate the 'location quotient' for this study. Literature on creative industries and creative cities shows that the 'location quotient' is a useful indicator to show the spatial distribution and density analysis of the creative industries in a particular location, which is a prerequisite and determinant to brand a place as a creative city (Evans, 2009;Lazzeretti, Boix & Capone, 2009;Trullén & Boix, 2008). By definition, location quotient refers to the percentage of city employment relative to the percentage of national employment in the creative sectors (1 = national average) (Evans, 2009).…”

Facing globalization and increased trade: Catalonia's evolution from industrial region to knowledge and creative economy

“…On the other hand, medium‐high‐tech manufacturing is concentrated in other cities within the metropolitan area of Barcelona (e.g., the automotive industry in Martorell‐Abrera and the advanced chemical industry in Granollers and Sant Celoni) and in other places in Catalonia (e.g., the basic chemical industry in Tarragona). As proven by Trullén and Boix (2008), vertical linkages in the networks of cities are fundamental for articulating a productive system as well as for transmitting knowledge across cities and industries (Figure 3).…”