Knowledge, Barriers, and Motivation Related to Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in Bojonegoro, East Java: A Qualitative Study

Abstract

Background: Breast and cervical cancer remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality for women in Indonesia. Although this cancer can be detected early, women are still less active in selfdetecting breast and cervical cancer, so both cancers are found at an advanced stage. This study aimed to explore how women's knowledge, barriers, and motivations are related to early detection of breast and cervical cancer. Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study, with focus group discussions (FGDs) and interviews with key informants. Discussions and interviews were conducted in the community within Ledok Kulon village, Bojonegoro Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Participants: FGD participants involved 20 women, 10 women underwent FDG about cervical cancer and 10 other women conducted FGD about breast cancer. Three key informants interviewed with health worker and administrator that allow triangulation of responses thereby increasing the validity of the findings. Participants were aged 20 to ≥60 years, with no history of symptoms or previous diagnosis of breast or cervical cancer. The women were interviewed in October-November 2019. The transcribed data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Participants' knowledge about understanding, risk factors, signs and symptoms of breast and cervical cancer was still lacking. Participants attributed the cause of cervical cancer to the vaginal wound resulting in cervical cancer and signs of symptoms such as heartburn. Whereas for breast cancer participants were not know the signs and symptoms, they only said there was a lump in the breast. Barriers to screening were ashamed to be examined by health workers, afraid of testing procedures, feeling healthy and there were no signs of cancer. Screening motivation were experiencing signs and symptoms of cancer, family history of the disease and awareness of the disease/screening service. Conclusion:The study participants' knowledge of breast and cervical cancer was still lacking. To improve breast and cervical cancer screening, efforts must focus on reducing identified barriers and increasing motivation.

Association between Genetic Polymorphisms of miR-1307, miR- 1269, miR-3117 and Breast Cancer Risk in a Sample of South East Iranian Women

“…However, it commonly occurs in the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules which produce milk. Out of control cell division in these tissues could invade other breast tissues and move to the lymph nodes and cause metastasis to other organs (Winer, 2001;Yu, 2019;Umami et al, 2020), including bones, lung, liver, and brain (Eckhardt…”

Facilitators and barriers for the delivery and uptake of cervical cancer screening in Indonesia: a scoping review

“…The included research predominately focused on married women, with seven articles reporting on studies that analysed women’s CC screening uptake among married women exclusively [ 36 , 41 , 45 , 50 , 51 , 56 , 58 ]. Another five articles reported on studies that analysed answers of women with a majority of them being married, ranging between 65% and 93% of the total study sample [ 23 , 31 , 33 , 43 , 47 ]. Therefore, unmarried women’s experiences of screening are almost entirely absent or only present in small percentages of the included population sample of the individual studies.…”

“…Two included articles discussed supply-side facilitators [ 39 , 44 ], 19 articles discussed demand-side facilitators [ 34–36 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48–50 , 52 , 54–58 , 60–63 ], and eleven discussed demand and supply-side facilitators [ 22 , 23 , 33 , 37 , 38 , 40–42 , 47 , 51 , 53 ]. Table 2 provides an overview of the identified themes within the included literature.…”

“…The intervention used audio-visual material and information booklets on CC screening, and found that women in the intervention group were more likely to know the benefits of screening and to participate in CC screening post-intervention than women in the control group (90% vs. 73%) [ 46 ]. Four studies identified information availability, such as information provided via social media on CC screening, as an important facilitator for women’s CC screening uptake [ 33 , 36 , 48 , 53 ]. Notably three of these four studies were situated in urban settings where women’s use of social media is typically higher than that of women living in rural areas [ 33 , 36 , 48 , 53 ].…”

The Effect of Hypnotherapy on Anticipatory Nausea in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

“…Hypnotherapy relies on the mechanism of the human mind, namely the conscious and the subconscious minds. Hypnotherapy provides direction, encouragement, and suggestions that generate self-power and enlighten creative thoughts that are directed directly at the human subconscious mind (Assen, 2016;Umami, Sudalhar, Pratama, Fitri & Firmansyah,, 2020).…”