Knowing from the past – Ingredients and technology of ancient mortar used in Vadakumnathan temple, Tirussur, Kerala, India

Thirumalini, S.; Ramadoss, Ravi; Sekar, S. K.; Nambirajan, M.

doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2015.09.004

Cited by 42 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…3(c, d)). Despite the fact that the origin of hydromagnesite has been largely debated as a secondary product in cement, this mineral is also found in ancient mortars (Bruni et al 1998b;Iordanidis et al 2010;Silva et al 2010;Singh et al 2015;Thirumalini et al 2015;Liu et al 2016b). It possibly originated from the calcination of dolomitic limestone (Bruni et al 1998a;Diekamp et al 2008;Hartshorn 2012) that produces both quicklime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO).…”

Section: Mineralogical Composition Of the Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

et al. 2020

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The characterization of lime mortars has become of primary importance in order to obtain information about the raw ingredients and building technology of ancient masonry structures. Five different samples from Anhui province, China, representing two types of lime mortar‐based materials: joint mortars between the bricks of the city wall and lime mortar sealing a tomb coffin, were collected for analysis. Archaeological information about the samples was reported and studies into the microtextural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi‐analytical approach. The joint lime mortars between the bricks of city walls, including Mingzhongdu city wall, Mingzhongdu Xihua gate foundation, Zhengyangguan city wall and She county city wall, were found to be aerial lime mortars. The lime mortar from Nanling Tieguai Song dynasty tomb was analysed and found to be a pozzolanic mortar consisting of lime, clay, sand and cocciopesto‐like materials. The analytical results serve as a critical reference for the maintenance and restoration of ancient city walls in Anhui province, and as a starting point for searching for ancient Chinese pozzolanic mortars and technology for making those mortars.

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Section: Mineralogical Composition Of the Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

et al. 2020

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“…Ancient materials used in heritage structures were usually designed to improve the resilience of the structure in respect to local weather conditions [15]. In India, a country that experiences six different climatic conditions, the construction materials and production technologies are region-specific and based on the availability of local raw materials [16]. Till the 19th century, lime-based mortars became predominant in construction work; with the advent of Portland cement, the use of lime mortar slowly disappeared from the construction, due to its inferior properties relative to cement.…”

Section: Name Of the Monument Location Year Of Lightning Strikementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, cement is incompatible with ancient materials, thus necessitating the design and the optimization of appropriate repair materials for the conservation and restoration of heritage buildings [17][18][19][20]. In India it has been a common practice to add organics to lime; this feature has been utilized to improve the hardening properties of lime mortars [16,21].…”

Section: Name Of the Monument Location Year Of Lightning Strikementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specimens taken from the heritage sites were used as a baseline for the preparation of engineered mortar samples to prepare competent mortars with improved mechanical and durability properties. Preliminary analysis carried out by the authors on historical samples evidenced the use of several plant and animal extracts [16,[38][39][40]; among them, plant extracts, such as kadukai, jaggery, fig, banana and grapes, were usually used alone or in combination, based on local availability and traditions that are still followed in some parts of India by craftsmen. XRD, TGA and FT-IR analyses performed on historical samples enabled us to describe the role of additives in modifying the fresh and hardened properties of mortars, which in turn influence the strength and durability of the building structures [38][39][40].…”

Section: Lime-based Reverse-engineered Mortarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of Organic Lime Mortars to Thermal and Electrical Shocks Due to Lightning Strikes

et al. 2020

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Lightning strikes are prevalent and inevitable natural phenomena that might cause damages during interaction with building structures and, in some cases, culminate in fires. During the last decades, several lightning strikes have caused considerable damages to cultural and heritage buildings. Furthermore, recent studies indicated a plausible connection between climate changes due to global warming and variations in the frequency and intensity of lightning. The evaluation of the structural efficiency and resilience of cultural buildings to global changes and natural risks appears significant in the light of the current scientific debate. This research aims at the assessment of lightning strikes’ effects on ancient heritage binding materials through the characterization of their thermal and electrical conductivity properties. This study focused on the performance evaluation of green and low-cost mortars based on the use of organic additives. Lime samples were reverse engineered by using a mixture of organics (fig, jaggery, black grape, banana, kadukai), which comprises the most common additives used in traditional Indian mortars. The reliability of the organic mixture in enhancing the resilience of masonry to lightning strikes was analyzed by using electromagnetic field simulation.

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“…In the FTIR spectra of the discs, a characteristic set of bands centered at around 970 cm −1 belonging to silicate vibrations of C-S-H due to Si-O stretching [19,20] similar to tobermorite were observed. Also the band at 670 cm −1 with a relatively weaker intensity due to Si-O-Si bending [20] resembling those of tobermorite can be seen in the FTIR spectra confirming the formation of end products regarding to pozzolanic reactions.…”

Section: Fig 3 Particle Size Distribution (Cumulative) Of Acid Insomentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Mortars and Plasters of a Byzantine Church in Southwest Anatolia with Emphasis on Possible Pozzolan Use

Caner

Güney

2018

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Characterization of mortars and plasters used in historical structures is crucial before conservation interventions in order to propose proper repair materials and avoid any damage caused by material incompatibility. In the present study, mortars and plasters of a Byzantine Church in the ancient city of Stratonikeia dated back to 5 th-7 th centuries were examined in terms of physical/physico-mechanical characteristics and raw materials used by various analytical techniques. Possible use of pozzolanic materials in mortar and plaster samples were investigated by pozzolanic activity tests performed on the aggregates (< 125 µm) and examining the reaction products formed after immersion of these aggregates in a saturated solution of Ca(OH)2. Investigated mortar and plaster samples were found to have relatively low bulk density and high effective porosity. Compressive strength values of mortar samples were found to be in the range of 3.92-4.47 MPa. Binder used in the mortar and plaster samples were assessed to be fat lime. Aggregates of the samples smaller than 125 µm were found to have good pozzolanicity. Formation of pozzolanic reaction products by the reaction of the finer aggregates with Ca(OH)2 were confirmed by the results of SEM-EDX and FTIR analyses.

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Knowing from the past – Ingredients and technology of ancient mortar used in Vadakumnathan temple, Tirussur, Kerala, India

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province, China: A multi‐analytical approach

Response of Organic Lime Mortars to Thermal and Electrical Shocks Due to Lightning Strikes

Investigation of Mortars and Plasters of a Byzantine Church in Southwest Anatolia with Emphasis on Possible Pozzolan Use

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