Knee Injuries: Collateral Ligament Sprains

A Critical Reexamination of the Morphology, Neurovasculature, and Fiber Architecture of Knee Extensor Muscles in Animal Models and Humans

“…Its function is routinely tested by the knee-jerk reflex during health assessments (Walgenbach 1996), and potential deficits in its action are one of the most significant factors to consider in stroke, spinal injury, or lower extremity injury (Walgenbach 1996). The quadriceps muscle also plays a major role in the pathogenesis, complications, rehabilitation (Callaghan and Oldham 1996), and the treatment of knee disorders, including patellar degeneration (Walgenbach 1996;Mont and others 2001), collateral ligament sprains (Onieal 1993;Walgenbach 1996), osteoarthritis (Leslie 1999), developmental deformities (Schoppee 1995), low back pain (Klaber-Moffett and others 1993), arthroplasty (Lester and others 1993), intermittent claudication (Ratliff and others 1986;Strupp and others 1993), patellofemoral pain syndrome (Fulkerson 2002), and others. The quadriceps muscle is the preferred sampling site for muscle tissue biopsies and is used as a donor muscle for reconstructions of the upper extremities (Arai and others 1993).…”