“…Circumstantial evidence suggests that the hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, located in two nuclei, such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus-periventricular nucleus (AVPV-PeN) continuum (also known as the rostral periventricular region of the third ventricle, or RP3V) and the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), are functionally distinct: AVPV-PeN kisspeptin neurons are indicated to be responsible for GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) surge generation in rodents [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], whereas the ARC ones are suggested to be involved in GnRH/LH pulse generation in rodents and ruminants [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Indeed, AVPV-PeN Kiss1 ablation by neonatal sex steroid exposure resulted in a deficiency of the LH surge in female rats [ 14 , 15 ].…”