Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, Its Drainage and Allied Problems

Bostock, H S

doi:10.4095/104706

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Kluane Lake, situated in the southwest Yukon Territory in Canada, is now part of the Yukon River drainage. However, Bostock (1969) suggested that Kluane Lake used to be part of the Alsek River drainage until the advance of the Kaskawulsh glacier about 400 years ago. (The Alsek River populations, while distinct, were more similar to Russian populations than they were to present-day upper Yukon River populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis

et al. 2006

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The Pacific Rim population structure of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was examined with a survey of microsatellite variation. Variation at 13 microsatellite loci was surveyed for over 52,000 Chinook salmon sampled from over 320 localities ranging from Russia to California. The genetic differentiation index (F ST ) over all populations and loci was 0.063; individual locus values ranged from 0.026 to 0.130. The most genetically diverse Chinook salmon were observed from northern British Columbia, Washington (Puget Sound and coastal populations), and the upper Columbia River (spring run). Chinook salmon from the Alsek River, northern British Columbia, and the Klamath River, California, displayed the fewest number of alleles relative to Chinook salmon in other regions surveyed. Differentiation in Chinook salmon allele frequencies among river drainages and populations within river drainages was approximately 13 times greater than that of annual variation within populations. We observed a general pattern of regional structuring of populations, and Chinook salmon spawning in different tributaries within a major river drainage or in smaller rivers within a geographic area were generally more similar to each other than to populations in different major river drainages or geographic areas. Population structure of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis supports the concept of a minimum of two refuges, northern and southern, during the last glaciation. The distribution of microsatellite variation of Chinook salmon on a Pacific Rim basis reflects the origins of salmon radiating from refuges after the last glaciation period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis

et al. 2006

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“…Lake sediments can also be used to study past seismic activity (Doig, 1998) or water-level variations. Buried tree stumps in several areas of Kluane Lake attest to recent major changes in the water level (Bostock, 1969), and a study of Kluane Lake (Clague et al, 2006;Brahney et al, 2008) showed that glacier fluctuations have important effects on the location and altitude of the outlet, and thereby, on the water level. The White River Ash event (Bunbury and Gajewski, 2009b) had a stronger effect on aquatic communities at sites nearer to its source, with impacts lasting several decades (Bunbury, 2009;Bunbury and Gajewski, 2013).…”

Section: Other Paleoecological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paleoenvironmental Studies in Southwestern Yukon

Gajewski¹,

Bunbury²,

Vetter³

et al. 2014

ARCTIC

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ABSTRACT. The St. Elias Mountain region has occupied an important place in the study of the Quaternary because it presents a relatively accessible non-polar icefield and an array of environments from tundra to boreal forest. Paleoenvironmental studies in southwestern Yukon have documented the broad-scale climatic changes of the past 20 000 years, although few studies exist with well-dated sequences at high temporal resolution. Picea glauca arrived across the entire region around 10 000 years ago; however, the details regarding its migration pathways are not well known. Available records indicate few major changes in the composition of the boreal forest vegetation since that time. A slightly more intense fire regime in the early to mid Holocene has been suggested, but this conclusion is based on only a few studies. Variations in the tree line during the Holocene have been examined, but these studies also lack details. There is no evidence for more extensive grasslands in the area during the Holocene. Paleolimnological studies indicate that changes in populations of aquatic organisms have occurred in response to either Holocene climates or watershed variability.Key words: Quaternary, Holocene, boreal forest, Yukon, Kluane Lake, paleoecology, pollen analysis, paleolimnology, climatic change, dendroclimatology, fire history RÉSUMÉ. La région du mont St. Elias occupe une place importante dans l'étude du Quaternaire parce qu'elle recèle un champ de glace non polaire relativement accessible ainsi qu'une panoplie d'environnements, allant de la toundra à la forêt boréale. Des études paléoécologiques effectuées dans le sud-ouest du Yukon ont permis de documenter les changements climatiques à grande échelle des 20 000 dernières années, et ce, même s'il existe peu d'études dotées de séquences bien datées de grande résolution temporelle. Picea glauca est arrivée dans toute la région il y a environ 10 000 ans. Cependant, les détails concernant sa voie de migration ne sont pas bien connus. Les données disponibles indiquent peu de changements majeurs dans la composition de la forêt boréale depuis cette période. Un régime des feux un peu plus intense de l'Holocène inférieur à l'Holocène moyen a été suggéré, mais cette conclusion ne repose que sur un petit nombre d'études. Les variations caractérisant la limite des arbres pendant l'Holocène ont été examinées, mais ces études ne sont également pas suffisamment détaillées. Il n'existe pas de preuve qu'il existait des prairies à plus grande échelle dans la région pendant l'Holocène. Des études paléolimnologiques indiquent que des changements caractérisant les populations d'organismes se sont produits en raison de la variabilité des climats ou dans des bassins hydrographiques de l'Holocène.

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“…The Icefield Ranges form a continental drainage divide, but this is a geologically very recent and possibly temporary development (Tempelman-Kluit, 1980; see also Bryan, 1972), and a number of rivers with headwaters in the continental interior penetrate this substantial but discontinuous topographic barrier to empty into the Pacific. One of the study rivers (Kluane; see below) may have reversed flow directions and switched continental drainages in the recent postglacial Holocene (Bostock, 1969), and at least two of the study rivers (Dezadeash and Alsek) have experienced substantial, repeated drainage obstructions due to periodic surges of the Lowell Glacier, which formed large glacier-dammed lakes within these catchments; the most recent full blockage may have occurred around 1900 (Clague and Rampton, 1982). In addition, the terminus of the Kaskawulsh Glacier overlies a continental drainage divide, and the relative volumes of Kaskawulsh meltwater ultimately routed to the Kluane versus Alsek Rivers has been hypothesized to fluctuate from year to year (Bryan, 1972;Barnett, 1974;Johnson, 1986).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of glacial and nival streamflow regimes with implications for lotic habitat quantity and fish species richness

Fleming

2005

River Research & Apps

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Growing interest in the differential responses of glacial and nival rivers to climatic forcing, and in ecological distinctions between the two streamflow regimes, suggests the need for a better comparative understanding of how the annual hydrologic cycle differs with presence or absence of catchment glacial cover. In this study, timing and magnitude characteristics of the average annual hydrographs of five glacierized and four nival catchments in the southwestern Canadian subarctic are empirically identified and compared. Likely effects upon fish habitat are qualitatively assessed, and net fisheries potential is tentatively investigated using taxa richness data. The chief hydrological conclusions at P < 0.05 using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and empirical orthogonal function analyses are: (1) catchment glacial cover results in freshets that are longer, larger, and peak later than those experienced by the nival regime; (2) the winter baseflows of glacial rivers are also much higher on a unit-catchment-area basis; and (3) basin scale and degree of catchment glacial cover are of comparable importance in determining the magnitude of the annual hydrologic cycle. These differences arise from the greater availability, both in volume and over time, of meltwater in glacial catchments, which in part reflects the consistently negative alpine glacial mass balances observed both in the present study area and globally under historical climatic warming. Such regime distinctions result in increased spawning season and winter aquatic habitat availability, which may in turn offset negative habitat characteristics previously identified for glacial river ecosystems. While previous studies have suggested that glacial influences tend to decrease macroinvertebrate diversity and increase salmon populations, preliminary analysis of available fish species presence/absence data from the current study area tentatively appears to suggest similar or, perhaps, slightly higher fish taxa richness relative to nival streams; in all three cases, however, catchment lake cover may play a key hydroecological modifying role. The results strongly confirm and extend existing understanding of glacial-nival regime differences with respect to both streamflow and fisheries ecology, and raise new questions for future research.

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Kluane Lake, Yukon Territory, Its Drainage and Allied Problems

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis

Pacific Rim Population Structure of Chinook Salmon as Determined from Microsatellite Analysis

Paleoenvironmental Studies in Southwestern Yukon

Comparative analysis of glacial and nival streamflow regimes with implications for lotic habitat quantity and fish species richness

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