Abstract:Spinal opioids are effective analgesics for surgical and non-surgical pain. Central and systemic side effects are less frequent than with epidural local anaesthetics or parenteral opioids. This review focuses on the analgesic efficacy of spinal opioids and their combination with local anaesthetics for postoperative analgesia, including patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Intrathecal administration of opioids has some advantages over their administration by the epidural route. Several factors may influence s… Show more
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