Kinetics study of chloride in rat

Suh, Duck H.; Abdel‐Rahman, Mohamed S.

doi:10.1080/15287398309530441

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…As Abdel‐Rahman et al. (1982) measured only total radioactivity, it is probable that absorption of chloride, which has a half‐life of absorption of 19.2 h (Suh & Abdel‐Rahman, 1983), inflated their value for half‐life of absorption relative to our results for chlorate. The pharmacokinetics of the chlorate ion were not measured by Abdel‐Rahman et al.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

“…The β ‐value observed by Abdel‐Rahman et al. (1985) is less than the 51.9 h half‐life of elimination for chloride reported by Suh and Abdel‐Rahman (1983). The half‐life of elimination of chloride was not measured in the current study because the 24‐h period of blood collection following the last dose was not adequate for estimation of this parameter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…In rats, the half‐life of absorption of chlorate is more than 10 times faster than that of chloride (Abdel‐Rahman et al. , 1982; Suh & Abdel‐Rahman, 1983). There is ample evidence that chlorate is absorbed into the blood stream because chlorate has been measured in blood in several investigations (Ross, 1925; Holzer & Stöhr, 1950; Cunningham, 1982; Eysseric et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Oliver

Craigmill

Caton

et al. 2007

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The recently recognized potential of sodium chlorate as a possible preharvest food safety tool for pathogen reduction in meat animals has spurred interest in the pharmacokinetics of intraruminally dosed chlorate. Six Loala cattle were assigned (one heifer and one steer per treatment) to one of three intraruminal doses of radiolabeled sodium [36Cl]chlorate (21, 42, or 63 mg/kg body weight) administered in four equal aliquots over a 24-h period. Blood and serum were collected (29 samples in 48 h). Total radioactive residues were measured and the radioactive moieties were speciated. Chlorate appeared rapidly in blood and serum after dosing. For animals administered a dose of 42 or 63 mg/kg, the half-life of absorption was estimated at 0.6-0.9 h. Serum chlorate concentrations progressively increased with aliquot administration until peaking at 6-21 parts per million at 26 h. Between aliquot administrations, serum chlorate levels typically peaked in 3.5 h or less. The half-life of chlorate elimination ranged between 6.9 and 11 h, depending on the dose. Ultimately, absorption of chlorate removes it from its desired site of action, the lower gastrointestinal tract, thereby reducing its efficacy. Further research is needed to develop a chlorate formulation that will allow passage to the lower gastrointestinal tract.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Oliver

Craigmill

Caton

et al. 2007

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…Under normal physiological conditions, about 99% of the chloride ion filtered through the glomerulous is resorbed in the proximal and distal tubules (22). Suh and Abdel-Rahman (23) determined that the half-lives of chloride absorption and excretion in rats are (24). If the kinetics of chlorate and chloride in swine are consistent with measurements taken from cattle and rats, then the preponderance of radioactive residues present as chloride ion in tissues of these swine is easily explained: Chlorate is rapidly eliminated whereas chloride is retained in the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Effect of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Chlorate Dose on Total Radioactive Residues and Residues of Parent Chlorate in Growing Swine

Smith

Anderson

Huwe

2006

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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An experimental chlorate-based product has been shown to be efficacious in eliminating economically important, Gram-negative human pathogens in the gastrointestinal tracts of food animals. Prior to the commercial marketing of such a product, the magnitude and chemical nature of residues remaining in edible tissues must be determined. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the tissue distribution and elimination of sodium [36Cl]chlorate in orally dosed swine. Three sets of pigs, each consisting of a barrow and a gilt, were orally dosed with a total of 20, 40, or 60 mg of sodium [36Cl]chlorate per kg body weight via the drinking water. Urine and feces were collected throughout the 30 h study. Twenty-four hours after the last exposure to [36Cl]chlorate, each pig was harvested and both edible and inedible tissues were collected. Urine and tissue samples were analyzed for total radioactive residues and for chlorate metabolites. Elimination of radioactivity in urine averaged 81.6, 83.7, and 83.9% of the total dose for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively. Fecal elimination of radioactivity averaged 1.1% of the dosed radiochlorine across all doses. Parent chlorate always represented greater than 97.4% of the urinary radiochlorine with the remaining radiochlorine being excreted as chloride ion. Chlorate represented 39-77% of fecal radioactivity, depending upon dose. Chlorate concentrations in edible tissues ranged from 0.01 to 0.49 ppm, with residues in liver and skeletal muscle generally lower than those in kidney and adipose tissue. Chlorate residues were concentrated in thyroid tissues (7.7-25.4 ppm) relative to edible tissues. No evidence for the presence of chlorite was observed in excreta or in tissues. Results of this study suggest that further development of chlorate as a preharvest food safety tool in swine merits consideration.

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“…Aside from the direct chromatographic evidence, our conclusion that chloride ion was the only transformation product of perchlorate is supportable for the following circumstantial reasons: (1) Total radioactive residues in blood had an estimated depletion half-life of almost 200 h, a half-life more similar to chloride than chlorate or perchlorate. The half-life of chloride reported for nonlactating rats and dogs is 52 and 63 h, respectively ( , ), and the half-life of chlorate in cattle was reported to be 7.7 h (). (2) Radioactive residues eliminated in milk and urine plateaued after perchlorate was depleted, suggesting that the radiolabel had equilibrated into the large physiologic pool of chloride.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Distribution, Elimination, and Metabolism of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Perchlorate in Lactating Goats

Smith

Hakk

Larsen

2006

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Perchlorate has contaminated water sources throughout the United States but particularly in the arid Southwest, an area containing large numbers of people and few water sources. Recent studies have demonstrated that perchlorate is present in alfalfa and that perchlorate is secreted into the milk of cows. Studies in lactating cows have indicated that only a small portion of a perchlorate dose could be accounted for by elimination in milk, feces, or urine. It was hypothesized that the remainder of the perchlorate dose was excreted as chloride ion. The purpose of this study was to determine the fate and disposition of (36)Cl-perchlorate in lactating dairy goats. Two goats (60 kg) were each orally administered 3.5 mg (16.5 muCi) of (36)Cl-perchlorate, a dose selected to approximate environmental perchlorate exposure but that would allow for adequate detection of radioactive residues after a 72 h withdrawal period. Blood, milk, urine, and feces were collected incrementally until slaughter at 72 h. Total radioactive residue (TRR) and perchlorate concentrations were measured using radiochemical techniques and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). Peak blood levels of TRR occurred at 12 h ( approximately 195 ppb) postdose; peak levels of parent perchlorate, however, occurred after only 2 h, suggesting that perchlorate metabolism occurred rapidly in the rumen. The serum half-life of perchlorate was estimated to be 2.3 h. After 24 h, perchlorate was not detectable in blood serum but TRR remained elevated (160 ppb) through 72 h. Milk perchlorate levels peaked at 12 h (155 ppb) and were no longer detectable by 36 h, even though TRRs were readily detected through 72 h. Perchlorate was not detectable in skeletal muscle or liver at slaughter (72 h). Chlorite and chlorate were not detected in any matrix. The only radioactive residues observed were perchlorate and chloride ion. Bioavailability of perchlorate was poor in lactating goats, but the perchlorate that was absorbed intact was rapidly eliminated in milk and urine.

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Kinetics study of chloride in rat

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Effect of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Chlorate Dose on Total Radioactive Residues and Residues of Parent Chlorate in Growing Swine

Tissue Distribution, Elimination, and Metabolism of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Perchlorate in Lactating Goats

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Kinetics study of chloride in rat

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [36Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [36Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Effect of Sodium [36Cl]Chlorate Dose on Total Radioactive Residues and Residues of Parent Chlorate in Growing Swine

Tissue Distribution, Elimination, and Metabolism of Sodium [36Cl]Perchlorate in Lactating Goats

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Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Pharmacokinetics of ruminally dosed sodium [³⁶Cl]chlorate in beef cattle

Effect of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Chlorate Dose on Total Radioactive Residues and Residues of Parent Chlorate in Growing Swine

Tissue Distribution, Elimination, and Metabolism of Sodium [³⁶Cl]Perchlorate in Lactating Goats