Selective transport of trivalent rare earth metals from aqueous into organic environments with the help of amphiphilic "extractants" is an industrially important process. When the amphiphilic extractant is positively charged or neutral, the co-extracted background anions are not only necessary for the charge balance but also have a large impact on the extraction efficiency and selectivity. Particularly, the opposite selectivity trends observed throughout the lanthanides series in the presence of nitrate and thiocyanate ions have not been explained. To understand the role of background anions in the phase transfer of lanthanide cations, we use a positively-charged longchain aliphatic molecule, modeling a common extractant, and gain molecular level insight into interfacial headgroup-anion interactions. By combining surface sensitive sum frequency generation spectroscopy with x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, we observed qualitative differences in the orientational and overall interfacial structure of nitrate and thiocyanate solutions at a positively charged Langmuir monolayer. Though nitrate adsorbs without dramatic changes to the solvation structure at the interface or the monolayer ordering, thiocyanate significantly alters water structure and reduces monolayer ordering. We suggest that these qualitatively different adsorption trends help explain a reversal in system selectivity towards lighter or heavier lanthanides in solvent extraction systems in the presence of nitrate or thiocyanate anions.The effect of ions at interfaces has been of interest since Franz Hofmeister observed the differential abilities of ions to precipitate proteins. 1-3 The implications of the Hofmeister series extends well beyond biological systems; specific ion effects (SIE) are important in a wide range of fields, including geochemistry, 4-5 atmospheric chemistry, 6-8 and chemical separations, [9][10][11][12][13] where ion adsorption and/or transfer at aqueous interfaces play significant roles. Due to this broad applicability, the Hofmeister series and similar empirical trends in SIE have been extensively studied to understand the effects of ions that cannot be simply explained by their charge and ionic concentration. [3][4][5][14][15][16][17] The majority of these studies use the concept of "series" to explain certain physicochemical effects of ions being "more" or "less" for one ion compared to another one.Although useful in many cases, this language inevitably implies a possible single underlying mechanism to explain SIE. However, with the advancement of molecular-scale probes that can directly observe SIE at interfaces, it has become evident that such simple and universal explanation, possibly, does not exist. [2][3][18][19] Instead, SIE needs to be considered in a multidimensional parameter space, considering all the possible factors, such as surface functionalization and hydrophobicity, and ion-ion and ion-solvent correlations that are enhanced at interfaces and in confinement. 3,7