Kinetics of reactions between chlorine and the cyanobacterial toxins microcystins

Acero, Juan L.; Rodrı́guez, Eva M.; Meriluoto, Jussi

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.01.022

Cited by 151 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…, respectively) Keeping these levels within the standard ranges is essential to ensuring drinking water quality once the chlorine has associated with organic compounds such as chlorophyll and other algal and bacterial compounds, which at high levels can result in the production of toxic by-products such as carcinogenic trihalomethanes (Acero et al, 2005;Zamyadi et al, 2010;Fan et al, 2014). Although it is not a stated problem in the study site, breakthrough of Ceratium furcoides to the treated water could be a challenge to maintaining water quality within the Brazilian quality standards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of conventional water treatment in removing Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans, Microcystis sp. and microcystins

Almeida

Spiandorello²,

Giroldo

et al. 2016

WSA

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Algal blooms are a global problem due to various negative effects that can compromise water quality, such as the production of metabolites that are responsible for odour, colour, taste and toxins. In drinking water supplies algae can reduce the aesthetics of potable water when not readily removed by conventional water treatment processes. One of the major challenges in water treatment is the removal of cells without leading to lysis and the consequent release of dissolved metabolites in the water. The Maestra Reservoir, which is located in Caxias do Sul, RS -Brazil, is a small meso-to supereutrophic reservoir. The reservoir provides water for the Celeste Gobatto water treatment plant (Celeste Gobatto WTP) which uses the conventional method of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of conventional water treatment for the removal of algae, cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins. A bloom of Microcystis (Kützing) ex Lemmermann with a density of 23 163 cells•mL -1 , Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans, (5 356 cells•mL -1 ) and a microcystin concentration of 1.97 μg•L -1 was found in the raw water reservoir. Samples sites were assigned the following numbers: (1) raw reservoir water; (2) WTP entry; (3) after sedimentation; (4) filtered water; and (5) treated water. Cell removal was evaluated by cell counting conducted with an inverted microscope, chlorophyll-a by a colorimetric method and microcystin by an enzyme immunoassay kit. Conventional water treatment was effective in removing chlorophyll-a, Microcystis sp. and Ceratium furcoides, mainly in the early treatment steps. Microcystin persisted until the last treatment step, when approximately 50% of the microcystin that had arrived at the WTP was removed by disinfection. Removal of these taxa and toxin was above 98%. Despite the efficacy of Ceratium furcoides removal, the presence of this dinoflagellate in treated water is considered to be large because of its large size.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effectiveness of conventional water treatment in removing Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans, Microcystis sp. and microcystins

Almeida

Spiandorello²,

Giroldo

et al. 2016

WSA

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show abstract

“…In the study by Acero and others, 40 the Ct values for chlorine required to reduce microcystins to 1,000 ng/L were equivalent to those needed to reduce Giardia cysts and viruses to the standards of 99% (2 log 10 ) and higher 99.99% (4 log 10 ) at pH 6 and 9, respectively. The bromine canister in our study supports the findings of Acero and others 40 in regards to the reduction levels needed for viruses, but the chlorine canister did not achieve the standards.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Evaluation of a New Disinfection Approach: Efficacy of Chlorine and Bromine Halogenated Contact Disinfection for Reduction of Viruses and Microcystin Toxin

Coulliette¹,

Peterson²,

Mosberg³

et al. 2010

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Contaminated drinking water is responsible for causing diarrheal diseases that kill millions of people a year. Additionally, toxin-producing blue-green algae associated with diarrhea and neurologic effects continues to be an issue for many drinking water supplies. Disinfection has been used to reduce these risks. A novel gravity-fed household drinking water system with canisters containing N-halamine bromine or chlorine media was challenged with MS2 bacteriophage and microcystin. Chlorine and bromine systems were effective against this virus, with an mean ± SE reduction of 2.98 ± 0.26 log 10 and 5.02 ± 0.19 log 10 , respectively. Microcystin toxin was reduced by 27.5% and 88.5% to overall mean ± SE concentrations of 1,600 ± 98 ng/L and 259 ± 50 ng/L for the chlorine and bromine canisters, respectively. Only the bromine units consistently produced microcystin effluent < 1,000 ng/L (the World Health Organization recommended level) when challenged with 2,500 ng/L and consistently surpassed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency virus reduction goal of 99.99%.

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“…Reports suggested that chlorination with pH <8.0 is an effective mechanism for inactivation of MCs (Acero, et al, 2005;Ho, et al, 2006). An important point when considering chlorination as a water treatment is the possible exposure to toxic levels of chlorine in the air, the risk of lysing algal cells and formation of excess levels of trichalomethanes (Chorus, Bartram, 1999;Newcombe, 2002;Acero, et al, 2005;Rodriguez, et al, 2007b).…”

Section: Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyanotoxins in Serbia and water treatment procedures for their elimination

Tokodi¹,

Drobac²,

Svirčev³

et al. 2012

Geogr Pannon

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Kinetics of reactions between chlorine and the cyanobacterial toxins microcystins

Cited by 151 publications

References 28 publications

The effectiveness of conventional water treatment in removing <i>Ceratium furcoides</i> (Levander) Langhans, <i>Microcystis</i> sp. and microcystins

The effectiveness of conventional water treatment in removing <i>Ceratium furcoides</i> (Levander) Langhans, <i>Microcystis</i> sp. and microcystins

Evaluation of a New Disinfection Approach: Efficacy of Chlorine and Bromine Halogenated Contact Disinfection for Reduction of Viruses and Microcystin Toxin

Cyanotoxins in Serbia and water treatment procedures for their elimination

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