Kinetics of Glucose Ethanolysis Catalyzed by Extremely Low Sulfuric Acid in Ethanol Medium

Zhu, Weina; Chang, Chun; Ma, Chen; Du, Fang

doi:10.1016/s1004-9541(14)60049-5

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Severalr esearchers have suggested the use of extremely low acid (ELA), thus an acid concentration less than 0.01 mol L À1 .S everals tudies have shown the advantages of ELA in the production of glucose [67] and levulinic acid [68] from biomass.Z hu et al have studied the direct production of ethyl levulinate through glucose ethanolysis in the presence of ELA. [69] They have studied the effect of different acid concentrations in the formation of ethyl levulinate through acid-catalyzed hydration of glucose into ethyl glucoside with ethoxymethylfurfural as the reactionm edium followed by furthera lcoholysis of ethoxymethylfurfuralw ith ethanol to obtain am aximum yield of ethyl levulinate of approxi-mately 40-45 %a t2 00 8Ca fter 120 min. [69] Peng et al [70] have also presented the efficiency of ELA in the methanolysis of glucose and the synthesis of methyl levulinate.…”

Section: Homogeneous Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass

2016

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Levulinic acid is a sustainable platform molecule that can be upgraded to valuable chemicals and fuel additives. This article focuses on the catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid into various chemicals such as levulinate esters, δ-aminolevulinic acid, succinic acid, diphenolic acid, γ-valerolactone, and γ-valerolactone derivatives such valeric esters, 5-nonanone, α-methylene-γ valerolactone, and other various molecular-weight alkanes (C9 and C18-C27 olefins).

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Section: Homogeneous Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass

2016

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“…There is evidence,h owever, that this process produces as ignificant amount of byproducts,w hich lead to al ow EL yield. [136,137] One study comparedS O 3 H-SBA-15 catalysts with zeolites and found that SO 3 H-SBA-15 catalysts were more active under identical conditions,a lthough yields were low. [119] Ther esults of these studies are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anotherp ossibility for the conversion of biomass directly into EL is the use of extremely low acid (ELA) conditions, in which the acid concentrationi sb elow 0.01 mol L À1 . [136] Zhu et al experimented with the ELA methodb yu sing different concentrations of sulfuric acid and ar ange of temperatures, and found that the EL yield decreased with an increase in the initial glucose concentration. [136] In addition, an increase in temperature increased the yield, and ah igher concentration of acid required as horter time to reach ah igher yield.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[136] Zhu et al experimented with the ELA methodb yu sing different concentrations of sulfuric acid and ar ange of temperatures, and found that the EL yield decreased with an increase in the initial glucose concentration. [136] In addition, an increase in temperature increased the yield, and ah igher concentration of acid required as horter time to reach ah igher yield. Yeta nother study determinedt hat ac ombination of ELA and zeolite USY could be used in ao ne-pot system for higher EL yields from glucose ( Table 3).…”

Section: Heterogeneous Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

et al. 2017

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Ethyl levulinate is a diesel additive that has received special attention recently due to its potential for production in large quantities from inexpensive feedstocks. Several processes have been developed for the conversion of biomass into levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate, and an economic analysis of these routes would indicate the main hindering factors of their commercialization. This Review focuses on filling this gap in current knowledge by gathering data from scientific papers and patents to create a simulation to analyze processes by focusing on the production of ethyl levulinate in nine countries or regions across the globe. The key indicator to analyze the economic feasibility of ethyl levulinate production is a comparison of its minimum selling price to the local wholesale price of diesel on an energy basis. Processes simulated in Brazil, China, and India presented promising results with feedstocks such as sugarcane bagasse and rice residues. Also, the integration of ethyl levulinate production into existing ethanol plants is a factor that may improve process economics. Overall, this Review specifies key factors in economic and environmental performances of the processes to indicate research topics that could achieve high impact on industrial‐scale processes once matured.

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“…There have been several reports on the production of levulinate esters using acid catalysts such as liquid acids, ionic liquids, and solid acids (Garves 1988;Peng et al 2011;Saravanamurugan et al 2011;Chang et al 2012;Yan et al 2013;Chen et al 2014b;Zhu et al 2014). For instance, Chang et al (2012) reported production of EL by direct conversion of wheat straw over sulfuric acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

Zhao¹,

Xu²,

Chang³

et al. 2015

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A series of supported phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW) catalysts, including HPW/β, HPW/Sn-β, HPW/H-Y, HPW/H-ZSM-5, HPW/USY, HPW/ReUSY, and HPW/SBA-15, were prepared using an impregnation method for alcoholysis of fructose to ethyl levulinate in ethanol. Among these catalysts, HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed the highest catalytic activity, and the yield of ethyl levulinate from fructose increased with increasing phosphotungstic acid loading. The yield of ethyl levulinate reached 43.1% at 160 °C for 2 h over 20 wt.% HPW/H-ZSM-5, and the solid catalyst could be reused at least three times. EL yields of 19.1%, 27.3%, 37.4%, and 8.7% could be obtained from glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose, respectively. Furthermore, the catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed good catalytic activity for the direct production of ethyl levulinate from fructose.

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Kinetics of Glucose Ethanolysis Catalyzed by Extremely Low Sulfuric Acid in Ethanol Medium

Cited by 28 publications

References 13 publications

Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass

Levulinic Acid Biorefineries: New Challenges for Efficient Utilization of Biomass

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

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