Kinetics of 1‐hexene polymerization

Dandge, D. K.; Heller, J.P.; Lien, C.L.; Wilson, Kennard V.

doi:10.1002/app.1986.070320611

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Therefore, it was expected that oil-soluble polymers would be a more likely candidate to dissolve in supercritical CO 2 compared to water-soluble polymers. Heller et al identified 18 hydrocarbon-type polymers that exhibited encouraging solubility (0.22-10 g/litre) in CO 2 at pressures of 11.7-21.4 MPa and temperatures of 293-331 K [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Although several polymers showed a slight increase in CO 2 viscosity, none of the studied polymers were capable of enhancing the viscosity of CO 2 significantly to a useful level.…”

Section: Direct Carbon Dioxide Thickeners 21 Polymeric Thickenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Gas Thickener

Hinai¹,

Myers²,

Wood³

et al. 2019

Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes - New Technologies

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Direct gas thickening technique has been developed to control the gas mobility in the miscible gas injection process for enhanced oil recovery. This technique involves increasing the viscosity of the injected gas by adding chemicals that exhibit good solubility in common gasses, such as CO 2 or hydrocarbon (HC) solvents. This chapter presents a review of the latest attempts to thicken CO 2 and/or hydrocarbon gases using various chemical additives, which can be broadly categorised into polymeric, conventional oligomers, and small-molecule self-interacting compounds. In an ideal situation, chemical compounds must be soluble in the dense CO 2 or hydrocarbon solvents and insoluble in both crude oil and brine at reservoir conditions. However, it has been recognised that the use of additives with extraordinary molecular weights for the above purpose would be quite challenging since most of the supercritical fluids are very stable with reduced properties as solvents due to the very low dielectric constant, lack of dipole momentum, and low density. Therefore, one way to attain adequate solubility is to elevate the system pressure and temperature because such conditions give rise to the intermolecular forces between segments or introduce functional groups that undergo self-interacting or intermolecular interactions in the oligomer molecular chains to form a viscosity-enhancing supramolecular network structure in the solution. According to this review, some of the polymers tested to date, such as polydimethylsiloxane, polyfluoroacrylate styrene, and poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate), may induce a significant increase of the solvent viscosity at high concentrations. However, the cost and environmental constraints of these materials have made the field application of these thickeners unfeasible. Until now, thickeners composed of small molecules have shown little success to thicken CO 2 , because CO 2 is a weak solvent due to its ionic and polar characteristics. However, these thickeners have resulted in promising outcomes when used in light alkane solvents.

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Section: Direct Carbon Dioxide Thickeners 21 Polymeric Thickenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Gas Thickener

Hinai¹,

Myers²,

Wood³

et al. 2019

Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes - New Technologies

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“…The displacement efficiency is very high where the " C02 actually contacts the oil, but by fingering the C02 bypasses most of the petroleum in the formation. Petroleum engineers have tried for decades to design an additive [11] that can raise the viscosity of carbon dioxide (at low concentration) to a level comparable to the oil being displaced, thereby inhibiting the formation of "fingers". Success, unfortunately, has been elusive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel CO{sub 2}-thickeners for improved mobility control

Enick¹,

Beckman²,

Hamilton³

2000

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Investigation of kinetics of 4‐methylpentene‐1 polymerization using Ziegler–Natta‐type catalysts

Balaji

Kothandaraman

Rajarathnam

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The kinetics of 4-methylpentene-1 (4MP1) polymerization by use of Ziegler-Natta-type catalyst systems, M(acac) 3 -AlEt 3 (M ϭ Cr, Mn, Fe, and Co), are investigated in benzene medium at 40°C. The effect of various parameters such as Al/M ratio, reaction time, aging time, temperature, catalyst, and monomer concentrations on the rate of polymerization and yield are examined. The rate of polymerization increased linearly with increasing monomer concentration with first-order dependence, whereas the rate of polymerization with respect to catalyst concentration is found to be 0.5. For all cases, the polymer yield is maximum at an Al/M ratio of 2. The activation energies obtained from linear Arrhenius plots are in the range of 25.27-33.51 kJ mol Ϫ1 . It is found that the aging time to give maximum percentage yield of the polymer varies with the catalyst systems. Based on the experimental results, a plausible mechanism is proposed that envisages a free-radical mechanism. Characterization of the resulting polymer product, for all the cases, through FTIR, 1 H-NMR, and 13 C-NMR studies, showed isomerized polymeric structures with 1,4-structure as dominant.

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Kinetics of 1‐hexene polymerization

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Direct Gas Thickener

Direct Gas Thickener

Novel CO{sub 2}-thickeners for improved mobility control

Investigation of kinetics of 4‐methylpentene‐1 polymerization using Ziegler–Natta‐type catalysts

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